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4、本考试时间为3小时。
Section I Use of English (10%)
Read the following text. Choose the best word or phrase for each numbered
blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1 (客观答题卡:).
We suffer from a conspicuous lack of role models and shared causes. This is
01 of reason, I think, that many young Asian-Americans continue to
assimilate quietly into America2 as doctors, scientists and engineers. Our
struggles are individual and familial but __03communal or political. Ours is
a frustratingly limited version of the AMERICAN Drear While I can strive for
04 into Harvard and become the talk of the Korean mothers in my hometown,
God forbid that I aim much further and higher than that -- 05 fame anti
influence as a writer, an intellectual or perhaps president of the United
States.
I wish more than anything else to feel like part of something 06 than myself
and my personal ambitions, part of a larger culture. Unfortunately, by
coming to America my parent.,07_ the cultural legacy they would have passed
on to me. When I visited 08 last summer, found that I was 09 and chastised
by many people for never learning how to speak Korean and for turning my 10
on their culture. Taxi drivers would 11 to stop for me and my
Korean-American friends because they knew from our 12 where we had come
from.
And 13 , in spite of the 17 years I have spent in this country, I feel more
acutely conscious than ever of the fact that I am not completely 14.
Recently, a black man called me a "little Chinese faggot" in a men's room,
and a 15 woman on the street told me to "go back to Japan." Americans, I
think, feel a(n) 16 to keep both Asians and Asian-Americans at a
sociological, philosophical and geographical distance. With 17_ numbers of
Asian-American18 applying to top colleges, many white students have begun to
complain about Asian-American 19 and competitiveness, calling us "Asian
nerds." Many Americans consider this as part of a larger "Asian invasion
associated 20 Japan's export success in America.
01. [A] one [B] part [C] much [D] some
02. [A] country [B] city [C] land [D] society
03. [A] hardly [B] frequently [C] approximately [D] always
04. [A] scholarship [B] citizenship [C] admittance [D] integration
05. [A] toward [B] near [C] between [D] among
06. [A] more [B] better [C] larger [D] longer
07. [A] sold [B] maintained [C] memorized [D] sacrificed
08. [A] Japan [B] China [C] Korea [D] Thailand
09. [A] scorned [B] respected [C] surprised [D] ignored
10. [A] side [B] head [C] eyes [D] back
11. [A] like [B] refuse [C] straggle [D] want
12. [A] skin [B] clothes [C] faces [D] politeness
13. [A] also [B] so [C] yet [D] then
14. [A] hated [B] ignored [C] treated [D] welcome
15. IAI homeless [B] careless [C] selfless .[D] shameless
16. [A] fear [B] need [C] interest [D] hate
17. [A] growing [B] expanding [C] developing [D] enlarging
18. [A] people [B] residents [C] students [D] foreigners
19. ,[Al diligence [B] laziness [C] hardship [D] stubbornness
20. [A] for [B] to [C] with [D] at
Section II Reading Comprehension (60%)
Part A (40 %)
Read the following texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing
A, B, C or D.
Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1 (客观答题卡).
Text 1
InfraGard is a grass-roots effort to respond to the need for cooperation and
collaboration
n countering the threat of cyber crime and terrorism to private businesses
and the government.
~y the end of September, there will be InfraGard chapters in all 50 states,
Calloway said.
With advice from the FBI, each local chapter will be run by a board of
directors that includes members of private industry, the academic community
and public agencies. Banks, utilities, and other businesses and government
agencies will use a secure Web site to share
information about attempts to hack into their computer networks. Members can
join the system
!t no charge.
A key feature of the system is a two-pronged method of reporting attacks. A
"sanitized" description of a hacking attempt or other incident - one that
doesn't reveal the name or
sensitive information about the victim- can be shared with the other members
to spot trends.
?hen a more detailed description also can be sent to the FBI's computer
crimes unit to inter mine if there are grounds for an investigation.
Cyber crime has jumped in recent years across the nation, particularly in
hotbeds of financial commerce and technology like Charlotte. "Ten years ago,
all you needed to protect yourself was a safe, a fence and security
officers," said Chris Swecker, who is in charge of the FBI's Charlotte
office. "Now any business with a modem is subject to attack."
FBE agents investigating computer hacking that disrupted popular Web sites
including Amazon.com, CNN and Yahoo! this year identified several North
Carolina victims. The investigation has also identified computer systems in
North Carolina used by hackers to commit such attacks.
Prosecutions of hackers have been hampered by the reluctance of businesses
to report security intrusions for fear of bad publicity and lost business.
Meanwhile, too many corporations have made it too easy for criminals by
sacrificing security for speed and accessibility. Jack Wiles, who will lead
the local InfraGard chapter's board, said a recent report estimated 97
percent of all cyber crime goes undetected. Wiles, a computer security
expert, has a firewall on his personal computer to prevent hackers from
getting into his files.
"I get at least one report a day that somebody was trying to get into my
computer," he said. "The Net is a wonderful place, but it's also a dangerous
one."
21. From the first paragraph, we know
[A] InfraGard is a protective measure aga/nst cybercrime.
[BI InfraGard is a measure of cooperation and collaboration.
[C] there will be 50 InfraGard chapters in all states.
[DJ private business and the government are now committing cyber crime.
22. Each local chapter of InfraGard will be run by the following EXCEPT
[Al academic communities.
[B] public agencies.
[C] FBI.
[D] private industry.
23. By saying "too many corporations have made it too easy for criminals by
sacrificing security for speed and accessibility" the author means
[A] too many corporations take no notice of the security problem of
computers.
[B] criminals are sacrificing security for speed and accessibility.
[C] it's very easy to sacrifice security for speed and accessibility.
[D] many companies suffer from computer hacking because they value speed and
accessibility more than security.
24. All the following are reasons for the rise in cyber crime EXCEPT
[A] victims won't report intrusions by hackers.
[B] vi victims have no first walls.
[C] the use of modem is increasing.
[D] companies don't pay enough attention to Security.
25. It can be concluded from the passage that
[A] not all hacking attempts are worthy of investigation.
[B] information of the victims is inaccessible.
[C] InfraGard chapters will be in effect by the end of September.
[D] Amazon.com was once disrupted by hacking.
Text 2
The annual Phi Delta Kappa/Gallup poll of attitudes towards public education
released this week found that a majority of Americans feel it is important
to put a "a qualified, competent teacher in every classroom". Bob Chase,
president of the National Education Association (NEA), the main teachers'
union, wasted no time in pointing out that this will require raising
teachers' salaries so that more qualified candidates will enter the
profession and stay there.
A study by two economists suggests that the quality of America's teachers
has more to do with how they are paid rather than how much. The pay of
American public-school teachers is not based on any measure of performance;
instead, it is determined by a rigid formula based on experience and years
of schooling, factors massively unimportant in deciding how well students
do.
The uniform pay scale invites what economists call adverse selection. Since
the most talented teachers are also likely to be good at other professions,
they have a strong incentive to leave education for jobs in which pay is
more closely linked to productivity. For dullards, the incentives are just
the opposite.
The data are striking: when test scores are used as a proxy for ability, the
brightest individuals shun the teaching profession at every juncture. Clever
students are the least likely to choose education as a major at university.
Among students who do major in education, those with higher test scores are
less likely to become teachers. And among individuals who enter teaching,
those with the highest test scores are the most likely to leave the
profession early.
The study takes into consideration the effects of a nationwide 20% real
increase in teacher salaries during the 1980s. It concludes that it had no
appreciable effect on overall teacher quality, in large part because schools
do a poor job of. recruiting and-selecting the best teachers. Also, even if
higher salaries lure more qualified candidates into the profession, the
overall effect on quality may be offset by mediocre teachers who choose to
postpone retirement.
The study also takes aim at teacher training. Every state requires that
teachers be licensed, a process that can involve up to two years of
education classes, even for those who have a university degree or a graduate
degree in the field they would like to teach. Inevitably, this system does
little to lure in graduates of top universities or professionals who would
like to enter teaching at mid-career.
26. Which statement is NOT TRUE according to the passage?
[A] NEA is the largest society for teachers.
[B] Education-majored students are not as wise as people have assumed.
[C] Young teachers are paid less because their students don't do well
enough.
[D] The study is both concerned with the effects of rise in payment and
teacher training.
27. Increase in teacher salaries did not turn out so effective mainly
because of the following reasons EXCEPT
[A] the authorities do not set standards for qualified teachers.
[BI mediocre teachers postpone retirement.
[C] the salaries were not attractive enough.
[D] teachers didn't have equal opportunities.
28. According to the passage, the reason for clever students' refusal to
take teaching as profession is because
[A] it offers low pay.
[B] they have interest in other professions.
[C] it does not value productivity.
[D] it uses poor recruiting strategies.
29. "The data are striking: when the brightest individuals shun the teaching
profession at every juncture" means
[A] students doing well in study are willing to take teaching as a career.
[B] students doing well in study can't avoid choosing teaching as a career.
[C] students doing well in study are reluctant to be teachers.
[D] students doing well in study are not reluctant to be teachers.
30. All can be concluded BUT
[A] teaching in U.S.A needs a certificate.
[B] the more outstanding one is, the more likely he is to choose teaching.
[C] American public-school teachers are paid in proportion to experience and
years of schooling.
[D] increase in teacher's salaries is to attract more qualified candidates
to teaching.
Text 3
The Nobel prize in economics had a difficult birth. It was created in 1969
to mimic the five prizes initiated under Alfred Nobel's will. These had
already been around for 68 years, and purists fought hard to stop the
newcomer. Some members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences still
dismiss economics as unscientific, and its prize as not a proper Nobel.
Early winners were among the prize's fiercest critics. Gunnar Myrdal, who
shared the award in 1974,said the prize ought to be abolished (but he did
not return the money). Milton Friedman, winner in 1976, doubted the ability
of a few people in Stockholm to make decisions respected around the world.
By the 1990s, the Nobel committee had gained a reputation for intransigence.
Gary Becker won only after a flood of nominations forced the cabal in
Stockholm to act. The fathers of game theory won only after Mr Nash's sudden
recovery from paranoid schizophrenia, though the disease had no bearing on
the quality of his work, the best of which was done before he became ill.
Robert Lucas received a prize that many economists believed he should have
had much earlier. In 1998, the prize became the subject of countless jokes
after the collapse of Long-Term Capital Management, a hedge-fund firm whose
founders included Robert Mertonand Myron Scholes, the 1997 Nobel laureates.
The Merton/Scholes choice also highlighted another enduring problem with the
prize: untimely deaths. Fischer Black, co-originator of the options-pricing
model for which Messrs Merton and Scholes were recognised, died a year too
soon to join his collaborators on the podium. Last year, many economists
hoped that Zvi Griliches, a noted econometrician who was unquestionably
deserving of the prize, and was suffering from a long illness, would win. He
did not, and died soon afterwards. Because the prize came into being so
late, there is still a backlog of elderly luminaries waiting to be
recognised. Paul Samuelson, one of the younger winners, and Mr Becker, who
was a friend of Griliches, want the committee to take old age explicitly
into account.
The committee could also cast its net more widely across the profession.
Almost ail the laureates are also theoreticians; advances in empirical work
and applications in the past two decades have yet to be paid due respect, a
fact bemoaned by Mr Becker. Mr Samuelson adds
that the economics committee's selection methods have excessively mimicked
those used for
the prizes in natural sciences: "If the right apple fell on your head, and
you saw it, then you got
the prize. But if you had a lifetime of excellence in all branches of
physics, you didn't get it."
31. From the first paragraph, we learned that
[A] the Nobel prize in economics was created under Alfred Nobel's will.
[B] Gunnar Myrdal was one of the Nobel prize winners in economics.
[C] Milton Friedman refused to accept the prize.
[D] the Nobel committee had not the ability to make decisions.
32. We can learn from the text that about the winners of the Nobel prize in
economics during 1990s,
[A] Gary Becker won the prize after he forced the committee to act.
[B] Mr Nash's illness delayed his receiving of the prize.
[C] Robert Lucas received the prize earlier than expected.
[D] Robert Merton and Myron Scholes played jokes on the prize.
33. According to the text, the author's attitude toward Nobel prize in
economics is
[A] doubtful.
[B] positive.
[C] hostile.
[DJ indifferent.
34. From the third paragraph, we learn that
[A] Fisher Black did not live long enough to win the Nobel prize.
[B] the Nobel committee will soon take old age into account.
[C] younger people are more likely to win the prize.
[D] Zvi Griliches won the prize after he died.
35. In the last paragraph of the text, Mr Samuelson's attitude toward the
economics committee's selection methods is
[A] critical.
[B] approving.
[C] angry.
[D] ironic.
Text 4
In America alone, tipping is now a $16 billion-a-year industry - all the
more surprising since it is a behavioural oddity. Consumers acting
rationally ought not to pay more than they have to for a given service,
Tips, which are voluntary, above and beyond a service's contracted cost, and
delivered afterwards, should not exist. So why do they? The conventional
wisdom is that tips both reward the efforts of good service and reduce
uncomfortable feelings of inequality. The better the service, the bigger the
tip.
A paper analysing data from 2,547 groups dining at 20 different restaurants
shows that the correlation between larger tips and better service was very
weak: only a tiny part of the variability in the size of the tip had
anything to do with the quality of service. Customers who rated a meal as
"excellent" still tipped anywhere between 8% and 37% of the meal price.
Tipping is better explained by culture than by economics. In America, the
custom has become institutionalised: it is regarded as part of the accepted
cost of a service. In a New York restaurant, failing to tip at least 15%
could well mean abuse from the waiter. Hairdressers can expect to get
15-20%, the man who delivers your groceries $2. In Europe, tipping is less
common; in many restaurants, discretionary tipping is being replaced by a
standard service charge. In many Asian countries, tipping has never really
caught on at all.
How to account for these national differences? Look no further than
psychology. According to Michael Lynn, the Cornell paper's co-author,
countries in which people are more extrovert, sociable or neurotic tend to
tip more. Tipping relieves anxiety about being served by strangers: And,
says' Mr Lynn, "in America, where people are outgoing and expressive,
tipping is about social approval. If you tip badly, people think less of
you. Tipping well is a chance to show off." Icelanders, by contrast, do not
usually tip - a measure of their introversion and lack of neuroses, no
doubt.
While such explanations may be crude, the hard truth seems to be that
tipping does not work. It does not benefit the customer. Nor, in the case of
restaurants, does it actually incentivise the waiter, or help the restaurant
manager to monitor and assess his staff. The cry of stingy tippers that
service people should "just be paid a decent wage" may actually make
economic sense.
36. From the text we learn that Americans
[A] are willing to give tips because they love the practice.
[B] like to give tips to service people to help them financially.
[C] are reluctant to give tips, but they still do so.
[D] are giving less and less tips.
37. According to Paragraph 3, we learn that
[A] tips are voluntary in America.
[B] people don't tip in Europe.
[C] tipping is rare in many Asian countries.
[D] tipping is now popular in Iceland.
38. According to Michael Lynn,
[A] nervous people do not usually tip.
[B] American people are anxious.
[C] Icelanders don't like to show off.
[D] people will ignore you if you tip badly.
39. The text indicates that in America
[A] customers tip 8% to 37% of the meal price if a meal was "excellent".
[B] a waiter can abuse a customer if he fails to tip 15%.
[C] the amount of tipping is standardized with different services.
[D] the man who carry groceries for you can expect to get 15-20%.
40. According to the text, the author believes that in America
[A] the better the service, the bigger the tip.
[BI tips can reward the effort of good service.
[C] tips can reduce feelings of inequality.
[D] tips cannot prompt better service.
Part B (20%)
Translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2 (主观答题纸).
(41) There are plenty of grim statistics about childhood in the Third World.
showing that the journey for survival is long and hard. But in the rich
world, children can suffer from a different kind of poverty - of the spirit.
For instance, one Western country alone now sees 14,000 attempted suicides
every year by children under 15, and one child in five needs professional
psychiatric counseling.
There are many good things about childhood in the Third World. Take the
close and constant contact between children and their parents, relatives and
neighbours. In the West, the very nature of work puts distance between
adults and children. (42) But its most Third World villages mother and
father do not go miles away each day to do abstract work in offices,
shuffling paper to make money mysteriously appear in banks. Instead. the
child sees mother and father, relations and neighbours working nearby, and
often shares in that work.
A child growing up in this way learns his or her role through participating
in the community's work: helping to dig or build, plant or water, tend to
animals or look after babies - rather than through playing with water and
sand in kindergarten, building with construction toys, keeping pets or
playing with dolls.
(43) These children may grow up with a less oppressive limitation of space
and time than their Western counterparts. Set days and times are few and
self-explanatory, determined mostly by the rhythm of the seasons and the
different jobs they bring. (44) A child in the rich world, on the other
hand. is provided with a wrist-watch as one of the earliest symbols of
~owing up. so that he or she can worry, along with their parents about being
late for school times, meal times clinic times, bed times, the times of TV
shows..;
Third World children are not usually cooped up indoors, still less in
high-rise apartments. Instead of fenced-off play areas, dangerous roads,
'keep off the grass' signs and 'don't speak to strangers', there is often a
sense of freedom to play. (45) Parents can see their children outside rather
than observe them anxiously from ten floors up. And other adults in the
community can usually be counted on to be caring rather than indifferent or
threatening.
Of course twelve million children under five still die every year through
malnutrition and disease. But children in the Third World is not all bad.
Section m Writing (30%)
Teachers often consider some students as good students. What do you think
good students are like? Describe the characteristics of good students
according to your own opinion. Provide one or two examples where necessary.
You may also need to use knowledge in education and psychology to support
your argument.
You should write 240-280 words. Write your essay on ANSWER SHEET 2 (主观答题纸).
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