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 Polonium
Polonium was discovered in 1898 by Pierre and Marie Curie,
who named it in honor to Poland, the native country of Marie
Curie. It was the first element to be discovered through its
radioactivity, and at the time its discovery was quite
doubtful.
In the first attempt to isolate polonium, Marie Curie
treated almost a ton of uraninite to obtain a small amount of
a material with a radioactivity 400 times superior to that of
uranium. Marckwald noticed that this material had identical
chemical behavior to tellurium, suggesting the name
radiotellurium.
In the same year of 1898, Marie and Pierre Curie identified
another element, radium. In the following years, chemists and
physicists studied of the decay tree of radium, and concluded
that polonium was the last member of that decay. The atomic
mass of polonium was derived from Marie Curie's calculations
of the atomic mass of radium.
Polonium was undoubtfully recognized as an element in 1905,
when it received its definitive place in the periodic table,
in the selenium and tellurium group.
 Radium
On 26th December 1989, Pierre and Marie Curie announced
the discovery of this element. It had been distinguished from
polonium due to the likeliness of its chemical properties with
those of barium. Its sulfate and carbonate were insoluble and
the chloride was soluble in water but insoluble in
hydrochloride acid or in alcohol. However, this element was
not identical to barium, and could easily be separated.
The Nobel Prize in Physics
 Physics is one of the five
prize areas mentioned in Alfred Nobel's will. The will was,
however, partly incomplete. Nobel simply stated that prizes be
given to those who, during the preceding year, “shall have
conferred the greatest benefit on mankind” and that one part
be given to the person who “shall have made the most important
discovery or invention within the field of physics.” He also
designated the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to award the
Physics Prize and it was his express wish that, in awarding
the Prize, “no consideration shall be given to the nationality
of the candidates, but that the most worthy shall receive it,
whether he be Scandinavian or not.”
The Statutes of the Nobel Foundation promulgated on June
29th, 1900, provide general guidelines for the awarding of the
Prize.
A review of the Physics Prize in the last one hundred years
reveals how the prize awarding institution has interpreted
Alfred Nobel's intentions.
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 Marie
Curie (1867-1934)
Marie Curie, Polish scientist, was born in Warsaw, on November
7th, 1867, and died in France, on 4th July 1934. Her single
name was Maria Sklodowska. In Paris, Marie graduated in
Mathematical and Physical Sciences. She got married in 1895
with the French physicist, Pierre Curie. In 1896, H. Becquerel
suggested the theme of her Ph.D. thesis the study of natural
radiation from uranium salts. During her work, the Curie
couple discovered a new radioactive element named polonium in
honor to Marie's homeland. A few months later, they were able
to discover radium for the first time. Together with
Becquerel, she obtained the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1903.
She founded the Radium Institute of Paris, and was the main
responsible until her death. In 1911 she was awarded the Nobel
Prize for Chemistry
Pierre Curie (1859-1906)
Pierre Curie, French physicist, was born in Paris, on May 15th
1859 and died on April 19th 1906 on a coach accident. Before
his research work in radioactivity, Pierre discovered, along
with his brother Jacques, the piezoelectricity and the laws of
paramagnetic objects. This work led to his Ph.D. thesis in
1895. Along with his wife Marie Curie, he discovered polonium
in 1898 and radium a few months later. The Curie couple was
awarded with the Nobel Prize, together with Becquerel.
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1. 掌握下列词语的用法
1. be remembered as
2. admit sb. to/into, be admitted to/into
3. admire sb.for sth
4. have an effect…on
5. be deeply shocked by
6. carry out
7. heart and soul
8. on one's own
9. share…with
10. disappiont
11. willing
12. devote to |
13. go over
14. have…to do with
15. succeed in
16. give off
17. in honour of
18. go by
19. above all
20. believe in
21. work hard at
22. set off
23. pay off |
2. 掌握表达“确定”和“不确定”的交际用语
Perhaps I'll go to that one.
Maybe it was useful for some people.
I doubt if he'll be asked to speak again next year.
I'm not sure whether to do…
I'm not sure +if / whether 从句
I'm sure + that 从句
3. 掌握下列句型
How did you find the talk this morning?
I doubt if he'll be asked to speak again next year.
I'm not sure whether to do…
I'm not sure + if/ whether 从句
I'm sure + that从句
4. 复习“定语从句”
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［基础知识］
1.词法
(1) disappoint
［说明］
a) vt. 使失望，使扫兴。
What he had said disappointed me.
他所说的使我很失望。
b) disappointing adj. 令人失望的
The news is very disappointing.
这个消息很令人失望。
c) disappointed adj 失望的
I'm disappointed at the book.
我对这本书感到很失望。
(2) succeed
［说明］
a) vi.成功 succeed in sth./doing sth. 成功地做某事
He didn't succeed in his first experiment.
他第一次实验没有成功。
I'm sure you will succeed in passing the NMET next year.
我确信你将顺利通过明年高考的英语考试。
b) success n. 成功
The plan was a great success.
这个计划是个很大的成功。
She has had three successes and one failure.
她已有三次成功，一次失败。
c) successful adj. 成功的
d) successfully adv.成功地
(3) devote
［说明］
a)vt.投身于，专心于，献身
devote oneself/time to sth./doing sth.
devote后面接反身代词或表时间等名词； to 为介词，后面接名词或动名词。
She is devoting herself to studying.
她正专心于学习。
She devoted all her time to her work.
她大部分时间都奉献于工作。
She devoted all her life to the education cause.
她终身献身于教育事业。
He devoted every effort to helping the poor.
他竭尽全力帮助穷人。
This magazine is devoted to science.
这本杂志专门用于刊登科技文章。
b)adj. 热爱，很喜欢；常用被动形式。
She is devoted to her children.
她很爱她的孩子们。
The couple were devoted to each other.
这对夫妻很恩爱（彼此忠诚）。
c)devoted adj. 忠实的，忠诚的
The death of his devoted friend made him sad.
他的挚友的死使他很伤心。
(4) above all
［说明］副词短语：首先，尤其，最重要的是
Never waste anything, and above all, never waste time.
不要浪费东西,尤其不要浪费时间。
She loves country music, above all she loves John Denver.
她喜欢乡村音乐，尤其喜欢John Denver的。
(5) believe & believe in
［说明］
a)believe vt. 相信(某人的话)，认为(相当于think,用于表达看法)。
I believe him / what he said.
我相信他(他的话)。
I believe (=I think)it's going to rain this afternoon.
我想今天下午会下雨。
b)believe in ──trust 信任，信仰
I believe in him.
我信任他。
Our Party believes in communism.
我党信仰共产主义。
To live, one must have something to believe in.
为了生存，一个人必须有所信仰。
(6) have …to do with
［说明］
have something to do with 与……有关
have nothing to do with 是 have something to do with
的否定形式,在否定句式中还可用
have anything to do with 与……无关
have much to do with 与……有很大关系
have little to do with 与……没什么关系
He has something to do with the matter.
他与这事有关。
What I said just now has something to do with all of you.
我刚才所说的与你们都有关。
His brother advised her to have nothing to do with it.
他哥哥劝她不要管那件事。
Has it got anything to do with your present research?
这与你现在的研究工作有关吗?
Hard work had a great deal to do with his success.
他的成功与辛勤的工作密不可分。
(7) willing
［说明］
adj.乐意的，自愿的 be willing to do 愿意做某事
I am willing to help you all the time.
我随时愿意帮助你。
[练习题]
1.If one doesn't study, he will have nothing ____.
A. succeeding to do B. succeeded C. to succeed to D. to
succeed in
2.--Is your brother going abroad for further study?
--Yes, he____ to go and that is his will in life.
A. is willing B. is determining C. is able D. like
3.Marie Curie____ new elements.
A. devoted herself to searching for B. devote her life to
search for
C. devoted herself in search of D. gave her life to look
for
4.He told me that the tree was more than a hundred years old
but I didn't ____it.
A. believe B. believe in C. think of D. think
2．语法句法
(1) 定语从句
［说明］
定语从句就是从句做定语，放在被修饰的名词或代词后，被修饰词叫先行词，后面跟关系词引导的
定语从句，关系词在从句中做主语，宾语或状语，做宾语可省略。被修饰的词是人，关系词用that，
who， whom 或 whose；who做主语，whom做宾语，who在非正式用法中也可做宾语，
that做主、宾均可。被修饰的词是物,关系词用that,which 或 whose;在这两项中，whose用做
定语,后面要跟名词； 被修饰的词是时间，关系词在从句中做状语，用when；被修饰的词是地点，
关系词在从句中作状语，用where。
I thanked the woman who/that helped me.
The man (who/whom/that) I saw was Mr. Jones.
The book that/which is on the table is mine.
The book (that/which) I bought yesterday wasn't very good.
Have you found the man whose purse was lost?
Where is the window whose glass is broken?
I will never forget the day when I joined the League.
This is the factory where his father works.
(2) How did you find the talk this morning？
［说明］
How do you find…？ 你觉得……怎么样？ 你认为……如何？ 相当于How do you like…？
What do you think of…?
What is … like?
(3) be sure…； be not sure…
［说明］
be sure后可跟不定式或疑问词+不定式，构成be sure to do, be not sure whether
to
do结构，要注意疑问词+不定式一般用在否定句中。
be sure后还可跟从句，肯定句后跟that从句，否定句后跟if /whether从句
be sure that…；be not sure if/whether…
He is sure to come.
I'm not sure whether to go there / when to leave / where
to go ….
I'm sure that I can run faster than you.
I'm not sure whether they can finish the job on time.
(4) I doubt if he'll be asked to speak again next time.
［说明］
Doubt 怀疑，不相信。在肯定句中，doubt后跟if/whether从句，在否定句中，doubt后跟that
从句。
I doubt whether the matter is true.
I don't doubt that he can do the job.
(5) On the laboratory bench was a glass container from which
came a tiny soft light.
实验室的长凳上放着一个玻璃器皿，从中发出一种微弱的光。
［说明］
这个句子里有两个倒装句，都是将状语提到句首，同时把主语和谓语颠倒。
这种倒装结构有时是为了强调提前的状语，有时是为了句子平衡的需要。
本句中的主语因为后面带了一个限定性定语从句而较长，因此放到句末。
又如：
On the floor lay a man who was killed in the fire.
Along the road stood rows of tall trees.
(6) Radioactive matter is dangerous to work with because it
has a bad effect on the
blood.
从事放射性物质的工作是危险的，因为它对血液有不良影响。
［说明］
此句结构为：主语+ be +形容词+不定式，to work with与句中的主语radioactive matter
构成动宾关系。
The maths problem is difficult to work out.
The book is easy to understand.
(7) In fact, radium not only damaged their health but also
made the laboratory
equipment with which they were working radioactive.
事实上，镭不仅损害了他们的剑莸，而且还使他们工作用的实验设备也都具有放射性了。
［说明］
本句中有 make +复合宾语(宾语+宾补)结构，表示 “使……怎样”。本句中是宾补，表示宾语的
性质或状态。
The news made him happy.
Too much food made him ill.
[练习题]
1. The comrade ____is speaking at the meeting is an advanced
worker .
A. whom B. which C. who D. whose
2. The picture _____has mountains and rivers is the one I
like best.
A. which B. what C. where D. \
3. Please bring back the dictionary ____I lent to you last
week.
A. what B. where C. who D. \
4. I remember the day ____I first came to the college.
A. which B. that C. when D. in which
5. Is this the factory ____ colour TV sets are produced?
A. which B. that C. whose D. where
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［拓展知识］
1.词法
(1) pay off, pay back, pay for
［说明］
a) pay off 还清，偿清(欠款，债务等)
I'll pay off my debt with this check.
我将用这张支票还清我的债务。
I must pay off that forty pounds.
我一定还清那四十镑。
b) pay back 偿还， 报复
He paid the money back immediately.
他立刻把钱还了。
It's high time he paid me back the $100 he owes me.
他可该还欠我的100美元了。
He paid me back by not coming.
他以不来来报复我。
Maybe she was playing trick to pay them back.
也许她正在玩花招来报复他们。
c) pay for 付……款，偿付
I've already paid for the meal.
我已经付了饭钱了(我已经买单了)。
He has to pay $100 for the house each month.
他每月不得不付100美元的房租。
How much did you pay for the taxi?
你付了出租车多少钱?
(2) go over, go by, go through, go out, go about
［说明］
a) go over越过，走过去，走访，成功，仔细检查
Go over and help her.你去帮她一下。
The play went over well.
这出戏的演出很成功。
It has been carefully gone over in all its details.
它的所有细节都被检查过了。
b) go by 从……旁边经过，(时间等)过去，遵守
He went by me without saying a word .
他与我擦肩而过而没有说一句话。
With time going by ,I grow up.
随着时间的推移，我长大了。
You'd better go by the rules.你最好遵守规则。
c) go through 通过，完成，搜查，审阅，检查，讨论，翻找，查看，经历(困难,痛苦等)，
做完某事
I'd like to have you go through the book.
我想请你来审阅一下这本书。
They went through our luggage at the customs.
在海关他们检查了我们的行李。
The new law has gone through.
新法律已经通过了。
The police went through his pockets.
警察搜查了他的口袋。
He has gone through a lot.
他受过很多苦。
Let's go through the exercises.
让我们把练习做完吧!
Jack went through the newspaper quickly.
Jack快速浏览了一遍报纸。
d) go out 出去，去旅行，公布，终结，(灯，火等)熄灭，过时
He's gone out for a walk.他出去散步了。
My friends went out to Africa.
我的朋友去非洲旅行去了(出国去非洲了)。
Have the notices gone out?
公告公布了吗?
Short skirts have gone out some time ago.
短裙不久以前已经不流行了。
July went out with rain.
七月随着雨水过去了。
The fire /light has gone out.
火/灯灭了。
e) go about到处走动(无一定方向，随便走走)，着手，开始，从事
They talked about their life as they went about the town.
The tourists went about London freely.
How shall we go about(doing) the job?
我们该怎样着手做这件事?(动名词doing做宾语)
Some people go about telling untruth stories.
一些人到处讲着不真实的故事。(go about后跟分词表示“到处”的意思)
(3) give off, give out, send out
［说明］
a) give off 发出(蒸汽，光等)，长出(枝，杈等)
The gas gives off an unpleasant smell.
这种气体发出一种难闻的气味。
This kind of coal gives off a lot of smoke.
这种煤放出大量的烟。
The tree in front of her bedroom gives off many new
branches.
b) give out发出(光，热等)，分发，宣布，用完，耗尽，(机器等)失灵，停止工作，(人)体力不
支，垮掉
The rose gives out sweet smell.
玫瑰花散发出芳香。
The cowboy gave out a yell.
牛仔大叫一声。
The sun gives out light and heat.
太阳放出光和热。
The teacher gave out the exam papers.
老师分发了试卷。
He gave out that he was going to England.
He gave the news out in a grave voice.
他以庄重的语气宣布了这个消息。
His strength gave out.
他气力耗尽。
The supply of food gave out.
食物储存告罄。
Both the men and the horse gave out after the long ride.
赶了很长一段路以后，人马俱乏。
The engine of the boat suddenly gave out.
小船的引擎突然失灵了。
c) send out 发出(光亮等)， 长出(嫩芽等)
The sun sends out light and heat.
The ship sent out a message for help.
The trees send out new leaves in spring.
(4) set off, set out,
［说明］
a) set off 动身，出发，燃放(鞭炮等)，使……爆炸(发出响声)，引起(做某事)
We set off at dawn.
She usually sets off for school at 6:30.
“Stop thief!” cried John and set off after him.
People still set off fireworks in the countryside in
Spring Festival.
If the TNT is shaken or roughly handed, it will be set
off.
I accidentally pressed the button and set off the alarm
clock.
This question set off a discussion.
b) set out 动身，启程，出发，开始，着手，准备(做某事)
They set out on a journey round the world.
Early in the morning they set out for the farm.
We set out to climb the hill.
They are setting out on a new experiment.
[练习题]
1. The young man accidentally ____the fire alarm.
A. set off B. set in C. set out D. set about
2. It ____that Mr Smith would be the new headmaster.
A. was given out B. was given up C. was given off D. was
given in
3. Don't burn the dry leaves. When they are burning,
poisonous gases will ____.
A. give out B. be given out C. sent out D. be sending out
4. While we were enjoying the program, all the lights ___
suddenly .
A. went over B. went out C. went away D. went up
5. What is the way David thought of ____his debts.
A. paying off B. being paid off C. to pay off D. being
paid for
2．语法句法
［说明］
(1) 定语从句中先行词是不定代词或被不定代词、形容词最高级、序数词等修饰，关系词用
that,不用which （先行词指物,或指主句整句情况时）。
There is nothing that can frighten him.
This is the last lesson (that) I will give you.
(2) 介词+关系代词引导定语从句时，注意介词与先行词的正确关系和搭配，选择恰当介词。
此时关系代词只能用whom or which。
The experiment on which she was working day and night
failed.
Do you know the man to whom they are talking?
(3) 先行词是时间、地点时，有两种情况：在从句中做状语或宾语。做状语，先行词用when 或
where,或相应的 on which, in which等； 做宾语，用that or which.
I still remember the day when(on which) I joined the
League.
July 8th is the day that /which I'll never forget.
This is the factory that/which we visited last year.
This is the factory where/in which the machine was made.
(4) 在非限定性定语从句中，先行词指物，关系词用which,不用that；which前可加of, one
of, some of, many of或名词+of which.
His father is an advanced worker, which makes him very
proud.
Our country has many islands, of which Taiwan is the
biggest.
The book, the cover of which is broken, is not mine.
(5) 注意定语从句中主谓一致
Mr. Smith is one of the foreign experts who are working
in China.
Mr. Smith is the only one of the foreign experts who is
working in China.
I, who am your close friend, will try my best to help you
out.
[练习题]
1. Who ____ has seen the film doesn't admire it?
A. that B. who C. which D. as
2. He met my mother, _____he got the news of my sister's
marriage.
A. from whom B. from who C. from which D. for whom
3. He paid the boy $10 for washing ten windows, most of ___
hadn't been cleaned.
A. these B. those C. that D. which
4. China has a lot of famous writers, one of____ is Lu Xun.
A. who B. whom C. that D. which
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