应用文涉及书信、电报、通知、请柬、广告、海报、证明、证书、单据、商品说明书、迎送辞、标语、公共揭示语、启事等文本,其文体差异十分悬殊,而且各有各的特殊格式和语体,翻译时应多参考相关的实例。这里只能就某些应用文体的翻译进行讨论。
1.书信翻译
英汉书信的格式和语体不尽相同,汉译英时,译文要套用英文书信的格式和语体,英译汉时则要套用中文的书信格式和语体。请看实例:
例1 :
ROBIN REDGRAVE
Lincoln Meadows, Apt.4
320 Sterling Street
Lyndon City, TX 75212
November 15, 2002
Mr. Thomas Brown
Vice President for Public Relations
Global Vision, Inc.
3200 Jefferson Blvd.
Reagansville, CA 92040
Dear Mr. Brown:
Will you please send me some information about Global Vision's semi-rigid, gas-permeable lenses?
In a recent Fortune article (October 10,2002) on new contact lens technology, I read that your company has developed and marketed this new lens. I have been wearing hard contacts for ten years but want to switch to a softer, more comfortable lens. Because I have astigmatism, however, the traditional soft lens doesn't fit my needs. Your new lens, according to the Fortune article, can be shaped to correct for astigmatism.
I will be thankful for any information you can send. In addition, I would like answers to the following questions:
1. Can they be worn during the night; i.e. are they designed for extended wear?
2. What has been the success rate for wearers so far?
3. What is the price to the consumer?
4. Has a bifocal been designed for this type of lens?
5. Where are the lenses being distributed? Is there a distributor in my area?
Since my optometrist is uninformed about your new lens, I will greatly appreciate your help.
Sincerely yours,
(Ms) Robin Redgrave
罗宾·雷德格雷夫
德克萨斯州( 75212)林敦市
史特林大街 320号,林肯草场4号公寓
布朗先生,
您好!
我很想了解一些有关环球眼镜公司半硬式、可透气隐形眼镜的情况。在最近一期《财富》杂志上(2002年10月10日),我读到一篇介绍新型隐形眼镜的文章,得知贵公司研制并在市场推出了这种新型眼镜。我戴硬式隐形眼镜已有十年之久,现在想换一种更为柔软、舒适的镜片。但因我患有散光,而传统的软式隐形眼镜又不适合于我。根据《财富》杂志上的那篇文章,贵公司的新式眼睛可以矫正散光。
如蒙提供任何信息,我将十分感激。此外,我还想了解如下几个具体问题:
(1)该眼镜能否夜间也不取下,即是否为“长戴型”设计?
(2)目前为止,散光治愈率有多高?
(3)零售价多少?
(4)是否为双焦设计?
(5)该眼镜哪里有售?我居住区有否经销商?
因为我的配镜师对你们的新式眼镜不甚了解,如蒙帮助,不胜感激。
此致
敬礼!
罗宾·雷德格雷夫(女士)
2002年11月15日
例1 是一般的商务信函,中英信函格式有很大差异。首先这封英文信采用的是“完全平头式”(full block form),分段时(包括日期和签名)都从左边开始,每行对齐,成一垂直线。打字时不必考虑左边的留空。信头(letterhead)通常印在信笺上方,位置居中,主要是写信人或公司的名称、地址及电话、传真号等。地址的翻译要按汉语习惯由大到小。接下来是日期(date)。中文信的日期是在信的最后,英文则放在前面,因此,译成中文时,要按中文格式把日期放到最后。然后是信内地址(inside address),包括收信人的姓名和地址。中文信里没有信内地址,因此可以不译,而且回信时只要照抄英文地址就可以。称呼(salutation)中“Dear”,是一种对收信人的尊称,只不过是礼节、俗套而已。汉语书信中“亲爱的”则是一种昵称,一般用于家人和情侣之间。因此,英译汉时,只要译成“某某先生/女士”即可, 或用汉语旧式书信的敬称,如“某某先生台鉴/大鉴”等。 对于信的本体的翻译,也应该注意使用符合商务书信的措辞,如用“请”、“如蒙”、“承蒙”、“不胜感激”等敬辞和谦辞。信的结尾礼辞(complementary close)“Yours sincerely”、“Yours truly”只是程式上的要求,不能按字面译成“您的忠诚的”、“您的诚挚的”之类,可以套用汉语公函中的礼辞“顺致敬意!”、“谨上”、“敬上”或分两行写“此致 敬礼!”等。
有时商务信函只要摘译,译者在通读全文的基础上,理清信件的来龙去脉交代清楚,抓住主要的事实细节进行翻译,行文可不拘原文的词句,但事实和语气必须和原文相符。
上面这封信可摘译如下:
罗宾·雷德格雷夫
德克萨斯州( 75212)林敦市
史特林大街 320号,林肯草场4号公寓
布朗先生,
我很想了解一些有关环球眼镜公司半硬式、可透气隐形眼镜的情况:
(1)该眼镜能否夜间也不取下,即是否为“长戴型”设计?
(2)目前为止,散光治愈率有多高?
(3)零售价多少?
(4)是否为双焦设计?
(5)该眼镜哪里有售?我居住区有无经销商?
如蒙帮助,不胜感激。
此致
敬礼!
罗宾·雷德格雷夫(女士)
2002年11月15日
例2:
执事先生:
本人将于今秋大学毕业,届时拟谋与进出口贸易有关的工作,我对贵公司出口部的业务范围略悉,谅阁下也许能为我安排一份工作。
我身体健康、机智,到明年七月满二十岁,目前尚在XX大学就读。在三年内已完成所修课程,将于今年七月大学毕业。虽然缺乏商业经验,但我大学成绩甚佳。兹附上资料一份,供阁下参阅。
关于本人行为与能力,某大学校长赵博士将乐于奉告。本人愿随时晋见并接受面试。
xx启
Dear Sir,
On my graduation from college this fall, I am desirous of securing a position that will offer me opportunity in the field of import and export trading . Knowing something of the scope and enterprise of your huge export department , I thought perhaps you would keep me in mind for a possible opening .
I am strong and alert, and shall be twenty years of age in July next year. At present I am a student in the college of _____ but I shall graduate from the college this coming July, finishing the requirements in three years. I have had no business experience, but my college record has been good. A copy of my antecedents is enclosed for your reference.
Dr.B.Chao, President of the college of _____ will be glad to tell you more about my character and ability, I shall be glad to be called at any time for an interview.
Very truly yours
XXX
汉语信函译成英语要套用英语信函的格式(参见例 1英文信格式),不管汉语信的称呼用“执事先生”、“敬启者”、“谨启者”、“某某先生台鉴”等,译成英文一律用Dear XXX。信尾的礼辞也都用 Sincerely yours 或Truly yours等符合英文习惯的礼辞。 时间也要放在信的上方。行文不必拘泥原文词句,而应根据英文习惯表达,但要忠实原文的信息和语气。
例2是一封求职信,一般在求职信后还附有个人简历(Curriculum Vitae 或 Résumé),个人简历的一般格式如下:
CURRICULUM VITAE
Yao Xin
GENERAL INFORMATION
NAME: Yao Xin
DATE OF BIRTH: 20 JUNE, 1978
NATIONALITY: CHINESE
ADDRESS: Flat 3/2, 9 Malcolm Street, Dundee, DD4 6SF
Mobile: 07919666998
EMAIL: yaoxin620@hotmail.com
ACADEMIC QUALIFICATIONS
BSc (Honours) of Biological Science (Fudan University, July 2000); Modules taken include cell biology, biochemistry, immunology, zoology, botany, physiology, organic and inorganic chemistry, physics, etc and relevant experimental techniques training;
MSc of Biotechnology (University of Dundee, November 2002);
Modules taken include genome structure and function, animal biotechnology, perspectives of biotechnology, analytical biotechnology, industrial biotechnology and a master project;
SKILL/EXPERIENCE
10-month master project in Professor Sir David Lane's laboratory; familiar with molecular biology experiment skills;
Sophisticated computer skills, holding MCSE, MCDBA certificates.
Sophisticated translation skills between Chinese and English; was part-time translator in Shanghai Educational Department for 1 month;
REFEREES
Dr. Dimitris Xirodimas
Department of Surgery & Molecular Oncology
Ninewells Hospital
University of Dundee
Email: dirodimas@dundee.ac.uk
Tel: 01382 499401
Dr. Graham Whishart.
School of Contemporary Sciences
University of Dundee
Email: G.Wishart@dundee.ac.uk
Phone: +44 (0) 1382 308972
Professor Nikolai Zhelev;
Director, CMCBR
School of Contemporary Sciences
University of Dundee
Email: n.zhelev@abertay.ac.uk
Fax: +44 (0) 1382 308887
2.广告翻译
广告的作用在于提供信息(information)、争取顾客(persuasion)、保持需求(maintenance of demand)、扩大市场(creating mass market)和确保质量(quality)。英汉广告互译应该充分考虑广告的这些功能。首先广告语言必须大众化、口语化、富有感召力。行文简洁明快,重点突出,层次分明,前后呼应。同时要充分考虑原语和目的语文化的差异,回避禁忌,用目的语读者最容易接受的方式来表达。
例1:Just do it. 做就是了。
(耐克公司使用“做就是了”(Just Do It) 这个极为大众化、口语化的广告标识语,是一个绝妙的和大胆的授权。“做就是了”唤起行动,而且暗示,任何目标,无论与体育有没有联系,一个人只要仔细去做,一直做到底,就一定能够成功。这条广告语也因此给人留下深刻的印象。)
例2:The taste is great. 味道好极了。
(这是雀巢咖啡的广告词,也是极为大众化、口语化的。以上两例译者都采用直译,保留了原文的语言风格。)
例3: Can't Beat The Real Thing. 挡不住的诱惑!
(这则美国可口可乐的广告,译者采用意译的方法。由于两种语言在词义、结构、文化等多方面的差异,广告词往往无法直译,用意译反而更能传神达意。这句广告语如果直译为“无法打败真正的东西”,效果就差很多。)
例4: 汲取生物精华,焕发生命潜能。
Essence of Living Beings
Energy for Life.
(这是广东“太阳神”口服液广告。汉语是两个并列的祈使句,译者没有拘泥原文的结构,用排偶的手法,凭借两个并列的名词短语和它们的前后顺序来暗示“生物精华”和“生命潜能”的关系。)
例5: 有了南方,就有办法了。
Where there is South, there is a way.
(这是“南方科技咨询服务公司”的广告。译者采用套译法,套用英语中常见的一句谚语:“ Where there is a will, there is a way. ”,把英语谚语用活了,恰到好处,韵味无穷,使顾客觉得这家“咨询公司”的妙计真不少。)
例6: 百闻不如一尝。 Tasting is Believing.
(这是浙江省粮油食品进出口股份有限公司的一个广告,中文广告是套用“百闻不如一见”,恰巧英语也有相应的谚语“ Seeing is Believing. ”因此,译文也套用了英语的谚语,可谓殊途同归。)
例7: Twogether. 双双对对一起来。
(广告用语喜欢别出心裁,常常出现生造的词。这则旅馆广告就是把 two+together 造出 twogether 。翻译时只能根据原文的意图来翻译。)
例8: 名瑞 Famory
(这是广东“名瑞”衬衫的商标,译者采用英文商标广告的手法,不是用汉语拼音,而是模仿 famous 生造了一个英文词 Famory ,音义结合,令人回味。)
例9: To love, to laugh, to understand each other.
爱心,开心,相互交心。
(这是《娱乐世界》的广告,原文是省略句,用了三个不定式,简单明了,译文是直译,较好地保留了原文的形式和风格。)
例10: 有目共赏——上海牌电视机
Shanghai TV —— Seeing is believing
(译文借用英文现成的谚语来翻译,暗示上海牌电视机质量可靠,图像清晰,译得十分巧妙。译者的创造性在广告翻译中是十分重要的。)
例11: 岁月的小细纹不知不觉游走了。
Maxam erases years from your skin.
(这则美加净的广告采用了隐喻的手法,译文保留了原文的修辞手法,而且读起来感觉比原文更美。)
例12: 天上彩虹,人间长虹。
Let the rainbow in the sky,
Send his twin brother to you ——
To keep your spirit high.
(这是“长虹”电视机的广告,译者创造性地运用了拟人手法,把“长虹”当作天上之物奉献给顾客。)
例13: 信誉第一,质量第一,效率第一,服务第一。
Prestige First, Quality First, Efficiency First and Service First.
(这是上海金城会计师事务所的广告,原文重复四次“第一”。 重复是广告常用的修辞手法,译文从内容和形式上与原文完全一致,再现了原文的风格。)
例14: 体积虽小,颇具功效。
Compact and Impact.
(这是旅行箱的广告,译文颇有创造性,而且用了押韵。)
总之,广告翻译不仅只是语义对等,还是一种突出广告功能的再创造,其侧重不是译文能否再现原文语义,而是强调译文能否有感染力,能否增强广告功能,产生实际效果。
3.揭示语翻译
揭示语即公共场所、设施的文字标志,表达方式短小精悍,言简意赅,立意明确,使人一目了然。 就以日常生活的需要来说,能看懂商店招牌,车站站牌,道路标示或告示、标语等,比看懂一篇论文更要紧。常见的英语揭示语如:
No smoking 不准抽烟
Silence 静
Pull 拉
Push 推
No Access/Entry 不许进入
Hands Off the Exhibits 请勿用手摸展品
No Left/Right Turn 不许向左(右)转
No parking 不许停车
Not for sale 非卖品
No Parking Beyond 此点以外不准停车
Night Bell 夜间有事,请按此铃
No Passing (道路)不许通行
No Pedestrians 不准行人通行
Knock 请先敲门
No Service 不营业
Wet Paint 油漆未干
No Through Road/Way Out 此路不通
Seat by Number 对号入座
No Vacancies 没有空房
Staff Members Only 外人止步
把中文揭示语译成英语,要注意英文的表达习惯。常见的如:
铁路道口 Railway Crossing
禁止畜力车通行 Closed to Animal-Drawn Carts
禁止掉头 No U-turn
减速让行 Yield
步行街 Pedestrians Only
起点站 Departure Station
终点站 Destination
出租汽车站 Taxi Stand
门诊部 Outpatient Department
太平间 Mortuary
此处禁倒垃圾 Don't Dump Rubbish Here
月底盘存,暂不营业 Closed for Month-End Stock-Taking
前面施工 Workmen Ahead
一慢、二看、三通过 Slow Down, Look Around, Cross
不许在门口通道处堆放任何障碍物
Keep This Doorway Free of Obstruction
眼下公共场所揭示语的翻译存在很多问题,如把医院的“挂号处”翻译成“ Registry Office ”,其实“ Registry Office ”是“户籍登记处(办理世俗结婚手续或出生、死亡等登记)”,“挂号处”应该是“ Registration Office ”。把进出楼房的“入口”和“出口”译成“ Import” 和“ Export ”,而不是“ Entrance ”和“ Exit ”。“熟食计价处”译成“ Familiar Food Make Sures The Price ”,正确的翻译应该是“ Deli Food Valuation ”。有一家餐馆名叫“快乐酒家”,英文译名却是“ Happily Wineshop ”,正确的译名应该是“ Happy Restaurant ”。“严禁随地吐痰”居然被译成“ Strictly Forbid Everywhere Expectorate ”,正确的翻译应该是“ No Spitting ”。“ 再次入园请走东门口。” 英文竟译作: PLEASE RE-GO TO THE EAST ENTRANCE WHEN YOU ENTER THE PARK 。将这句英文倒译回中文则是:“当你进此公园时,请重新走到东门口。”在几本英美国家出版的权威的英文词典里,竟找不到 re-go 这个词。虽然 re-go 不违反造词规则,但是re-go是什么意思?是“重走”?不清楚。译成 RE-ENTER AT EAST ENTRANCE ONLY 就可以了。天安门广场草地上放置了一些中英文双语提示牌 “ 爱护绿地请勿入内 ” ,英语译文是“CARE OF THE GREEN NO ENTRANCE”。这个译法不妥。 Care of 根本没有“爱护”的意思,它的意思是“( 信件等 ) 由转交”。这个短语一般只会出现在信封或其他邮件上。如果在 THE GREEN 的后面加上个 S ,这前半句话就成了“由格林家转交 ”了。在英美国家,类似的告示牌通常写的是“Please keep off the grass”(请勿踏草地)。这些误译常常让人莫名其妙,贻笑大方,影响我国对外开放的形象。
4 .证明的翻译
证明书种类很多,有工作经历证明、工作经验证明、病情证明、留学生经济担保书、学业成绩证明书等等,是用来证明一个人的身份、学历、婚姻状况、身体情况等或某一件事情的真实情况。证明信的写法通常也采用一般信件格式,但多省掉收信人的姓名、地址和结束用语。称呼多用“ To Whom It May Concern ”意即“有关负责人”,但此项也可省略。写证明书要求言简意赅。由于证明书的格式和用语相对固定,汉译英时,可参考现成的样本。以下是几种常见的证明,供参考。
(1)CET-6 大学英语考试六级证书。
Certificate of College English Test
This is to certify that ___________, a student of Grade ______ at Department of __________, ___________ University/Institute, passed the examination of College English Test Band-6 ( CET-6 ) in January/June XXXX. Upon examination, he/she has fulfilled the band 6 requirements College English Syllabus Band Six with excellent/qualified score and is hereby awarded the Certificate of CET-6.
Department of Higher Education
Ministry of Education (教育部)
Date of Issuance:
Certificate No.:
(2)TEM 专业英语考试证书。
Test for English Majors
This is to certify that , a student of ___________________ from _____________________________,participated in the TEM- exam (Test for English Majors) organized by the English Group of the National Higher Education Foreign Language Major Teaching Supervisory Committee of the State Education Ministry and passed the exam. Hereby he/she is awarded the TEM-__Certificate.
Issuing Date:
Certificate No.:
English Group
National Higher Education Foreign Language Major
Teaching Supervisory Committee (seal)
(3)Graduation certificate 本科毕业证书。
Graduation Certificate
Certificate No.
This is to certify that ___________, born on __________, native of __________, has been majoring in the specialty of ________________ at our university/institute from September ________ to July _________. Upon completion of all the courses specified by the four-year undergraduate teaching programme with qualified scores, he/she is hereby qualified for graduation.
(signature)
President
University (seal)
XX July XXXX
(4)Bachelor certificate 学士学位证书。
Certificate of Bachelor's Degree
Certificate No.:
This is to certify that XXX, male / female, native of __________, born on __________, has been majoring in the specialty of________ at our university/ institute from September_____ to July _______. Upon completion of all the courses specified by the four-year undergraduate teaching programme with qualified scores, he/she is qualified for graduation. In conformity with the articles of the Regulations Regarding Academic Degrees of the People's Republic of China, he/she has been conferred to the degree of Bachelor of ___________.
(signature)
Chairman
Committee of Degree
Accreditation
University (seal)
XX July XXXX
(5)Master graduation certificate 硕士研究生毕业证书。
Graduation Certificate for Postgraduate Students
Certificate No.
This is to certify that ___________, born on __________, native of __________, has been majoring in the specialty of ________________ at our university/institute from September ________ to July _________. Having completed all the courses specified by the three-year postgraduate teaching programme with qualified scores and passed the graduation thesis, he/she is hereby qualified for graduation.
(signature)
President
University (seal)
XX July XXXX
(6)Master degree certificate 硕士学位证书。
Certificate of Master's Degree
Certificate No.:
This is to certify that , male / female, native of __________, born on __________, has completed all the courses specified by the three-year postgraduate teaching programme with qualified scores and passed the thesis defense. In conformity with the articles of the Regulations Regarding Academic Degrees of the People's Republic of China, he/she has been conferred to the degree of Maser of ___________.
(signature)
Chairman
Committee of Degree
Accreditation
University (seal)
XX July XXXX
(7)合同公证书。
(年)_____证字第_____号
兹证明甲方的代表人_____与乙方的代表人_____于_____年___月___日签定_____合同。
中华人民共和国_____公证处
公证员:_____
_____年___月___日
Contract Certificate
(year) _____ Zi. No. _____
This is to certify that _____, acting on behalf of the Party A, in _____, and _____,acting on behalf of the Party B, signed, on ___/___/_____, the contract "_____" attached here.
Notary: __________Notary Public Office
The People's Republic of China
___/___ /_____
(8)医生证明书。
Doctor's Certificate
June. 18, 2000
This is to certify that the patient, Mr. Tomas, male, aged 41, was admitted into our hospital on June. 9, 2000, for suffering from acute appendicitis. After immediate operation and ten days of treatment, he has got complete recovery and will be discharged on June. 19, 2000. It is suggested that he rest for one week at home before resuming his work.
Jack Hopkins
Surgeon-in-charge
(9)医生证明书。
兹证明病人托马斯先生,男,41岁,因患急性阑尾炎,于2000年6月9日住院。经立即施行手术和十天治疗后,现已痊愈,将于2000年6月19日出院。建议在家休息一个星期后再上班工作。
主治医生:杰克·霍普金斯
2000年6月18日
(10)公证书。
Notarial Certificate
(90)Lu Zi, No. 1130
This is to certificate that Mr. Zhao Qiangwen holds a diploma issued to him in July, 1980 by Shandong University (Diploma No. 064)and that we have carefully checked the seal of the University and the signature by President Zhou Yongsen.
Jinan Notary Public Office
Shangdong Province
the People's Republic of China
Notary: Wang Fang
May 2, 2000
公证书( 90鲁公证字第1130号)
兹证明赵强文先生持有山东大学于 1980年发给他的064号毕业文凭上的学校印签和校长周永森签字属实。
中华人民共和国
山东省济南市公证处
公证员:王芳
2000年5月2日
(11)结婚证书 MARRIAGE LINES。
结婚证书
字第108421号
XXX和XXX自愿结婚,经审查合乎中华人民共和国婚姻法关于结婚的规定,发给此证。
2000年12月8日
MARRIAGE LINES
Serial No: 108421
July 8, 1984
XXX and XXX are hereby married of their own free will. Upon due examination it is found in conformity with the articles on marriage of the Marriage Law of the People's Republic of China. They are given this certificate.
(12)身份证明 Identity Certificate。
身份证明书
兹证明约翰·摩根先生,英国籍,男,40岁,系我所聘用的电子专家。摩根先生持有英国护照,现住在中国科学院XX研究所宿舍第12栋4楼第3 套间。 摩根先生已向北京市人民政府XX区派出所申报了临时户口。
中国科学院XX研究所办公室
1983年7月18日
IDENTITY CERTIFICATE
July 18, 2000
This is to certify that Mr. John Morgan, of British nationality, male, aged 40, is an electronic expert in the employ of our institute. He holds a British passport and has taken up quarters with: Flat 3, 4 th Floor, Dormitory 12, the Institute of XX, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Mr. John Morgan has registered temporary residence with the police station of XX District under the Public Security Bureau of the Municipal People's Government of Beijing.
Office of the Institute of XX
Chinese Academy of Sciences