第一部分：英译汉

Part 1                                                             

Translation from English into Chinese                  3 hours

Read the following three passages.

Translate them into Chinese.

Write your answers on the answer sheets.

You may use additional paper for your draft but you must copy your answers onto the answer sheets.

Passage 1

You Really Are What You Eat

Early in human history, food launched the revolution which introduced social inequality. At first it was a matter of unequal entitlements: some of the earliest known human burials reveal disparities in nourishment. Great heroes of antiquity were heroic eaters, as renowned for their prowess at table as in battle.

The next revolution went to the heart of what, to me, global history is all about: long-range exchanges of culture, which happened as the reach of commerce lengthened. Taste is not easily communicable between cultures, yet today we eat high cuisines which call themselves “fusion” and “international”.

How did it happen? Forces capable of penetrating cultural barriers and internationalising food include war, hunger and imperialism. Cultural magnetism is powerful, too. But no influence equals that of trade, which hovers like a waiter at the table of world food, carrying surprising dishes to unsuspecting diners. Trade in necessarily well travelled products—salt and spices—long conditioned global politics and determined economic trends. A great leap in the range of world trade in the past 500 years precipitated the next great revolution: an ecological turnaround which made it possible to transplant crops and transfer livestock to new climates.

In the past two centuries, world population growth and urbanisation have driven a last revolution, creating a food deficit which only industrialisation could bridge: intensive production, mechanised processing and supply. Even eating was industrialised as mealtimes shifted and food became “faster”. The results included cheap food in the developing world which went rapidly from sufficiency to obesity. But in parallel, unindustrialised economies experienced the deadliest famines ever known.

In partial response, as population figures leapt upwards, late 20th century agronomy forced the pace of production with high-yield grains, chemical fertilisers, pesticides and irrigation. It fed millions who might otherwise have starved. But new solutions usually create new problems: in this case, ecological damage. It is not yet clear whether we have the means to escape from the world’s food problems, or merely the means of multiplying crisis. The next revolution will probably be a revulsion in favour of traditional agriculture, facilitated by a fall in world population.

Passage 2

In Defence of Globalization

    To keep my economist union card, I am required every morning when I arise to place my hand on the leather-bound family heirloom copy of Adam Smith’s The Wealth of Nations and swear a mighty oath of allegiance to globalization. I hereby do asseverate my solemn belief that globalization, taken as a whole, is a positive economic force and well worth defending. I also believe that the economic and social effects of globalization are exaggerated by both its detractors and

supporters.

In media coverage of anti-globalization protests, “globalization” often becomes a catch-all term for capitalism and injustice. (Indeed, for some protestors, referring to capitalism and injustice would be redundant.) But economic globalization in fact describes a specific phenomenon: the growth in flows of trade and financial capital across national borders. The trend has consequences in many areas, including sovereignty, prosperity, jobs, wages, and social legislation. Globalization is too important to be consigned to buzzword status.

The degree to which national economies are integrated is not at all obvious. It depends on your choice of perspective. During the last few decades, international flows of goods and financial capital have certainly increased dramatically. One snap measure of globalization is the share of economic production destined for sale in other countries.

The global tide of economic growth over the last century has not raised all economic ships. But globalization is an avenue through which high-income nations can reach out to low-income ones. Expecting the poorest people in the world to pull themselves up by their bootstraps, without access to foreign investment, training, technical skills, or markets, verges on indifference or cruelty. Foreign aid has its place, but as a matter of practical politics, it will never arrive in sufficient quantities, nor be spent with sufficient wisdom, to raise overall standards of living dramatically in low-income countries. Only a combination of institutional reforms within low-income countries, coupled with much closer connections to the extraordinary resources and buying power of international markets, offers a realistic chance of substantially improving the plight of the poorest people in the world.

Passage 3

Debt for Nonproliferation:

The Next Step in Threat Reduction

Debt restructuring and reduction, whereby the terms of a loan are changed or part of a loan is forgiven, are common tools used by creditors for a variety of purposes. Wealthier creditor nations, such as the United States, often restructure and reduce debt owed by developing nations in order to bring about positive economic change in a debtor country. Similarly, the private financial sector restructures private debt owed by nations when it makes financial sense to do so. International nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and others have also worked with government and private creditors to use debt reduction to accomplish more philanthropic goals that can benefit both public and private creditors in less tangible ways.

Indeed, “debt swaps”—a term used loosely here to denote a creditor forgiving monetary debt in exchange for specific actions by a debtor—have been an effective tool for improving global conditions in a number of ways. The international environmental community, in particular, has been very effective in encouraging and leveraging debt conversion to help meet global environmental objectives since 1984, when the World Wildlife Fund conceived of “debt-for-nature” swaps. In these exchanges, a portion of a country’s restructured debt—either commercial debt or official debt owed another country—is forgiven in return for the debtor dedicating an agreed-upon amount of local currency to an environmental project. Over the last two decades, nearly $1 billion in debt-for-swaps have been implemented.

Another important area that would benefit from this relatively new and innovative funding mechanism is nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons proliferation prevention. Since 1992, the United States has directly underwritten about $10 billion in threat reduction activities in Russia and the former Soviet Union, but the situation demands even greater investment. Russia’s financial problems and security needs, which demand the formation of a sustainable Russian infrastructure to prevent the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction after direct U.S. assistance stops, both argue for increased involvement by other industrialized nations and the private sector. “Debt-for-nonproliferation” swaps are potentially powerful tools that could leverage current conditions to reduce further the security threat from Russia’s weapons infrastructure.

第二部分：汉译英

Part 2                                                             

Translation from Chinese into English           3 hours

Read the following three passages.

Translate them into English.

Write your answers on the answer sheets.

You may use additional paper for your draft but you must copy your answers onto the answer sheets.

Passage 1

在“中国发展高层论坛”开幕式上的致辞

节 选

中国的发展离不开世界，世界的发展也离不开中国。中国经济的发展与繁荣，将为世界各国提供广阔的市场和合作机遇。在未来的5年里，中国货物市场的开放将为贸易伙伴提供至少一万五千亿美元的市场机会。服务贸易市场的进一步开放，将为世界各国的投资者提供新的发展领域。中国是守信用、重承诺的国家。在刚刚闭幕的九届全国人大第五次会议上，中国政府明确宣告，要按照加入世界贸易组织的承诺，有步骤地扩大对外开放领域。从今年1月1日起，中国的平均关税水平由15.3％降低到12％，大量的非关税壁垒已经取消，已经有相当数量的外国银行、保险公司、专业服务机构和流通企业获得批准，在中国开展业务。

求和平、谋发展是全世界各国人民的共同愿望。中国是发展中国家，还要经过几十年时间的艰苦努力才能基本实现现代化。加入世界贸易组织有利于中国经济的发展。中国在国际经济技术合作与交流中一贯奉行平等互利原则。中国的发展必将为世界经济的繁荣与稳定作出更大的贡献，而绝不会对其他国家和地区构成威胁。无论现在还是将来，中国始终是维护世界和平和促进共同发展的重要力量。

Passage 2

方便与不便

建设便捷与通畅的现代化交通体系，除了硬件设施、管理水平外，还有一个方面更值得重视：那就是我们的行为习惯。

违反交通规则，可算是一个普遍现象，说起来几乎人人有份。虽然我们常说遵守交通法规，但很多人并没有把违反交通规则视为“违法”之举。去年北京市电子警察记录机动车违章58万车次，执法总数1400万人次，这个被记录下来的数字，相信只是一小部分。虽然人行天桥、地下通道越来越多，但随意过马路，仍是大多数人不假思索的随机行为。

为求方便而带来不便，是显而易见的。据统计，在路面效率的损失中，各种违规行为带来的影响是30%多。个人的方便，带来了整体的不便，而整体的效率低下带来的不便，最终还要分解到每个人的身上。方便与不便是一对矛盾，对于我们每个人来说，方便与不便包含了个体与整体、眼前与长远、他人与自己等种种关系，认识到这一点，我们约束自己的行为、遵守交通规则，就有了一个良好的出发点。

Passage 3

承办历史上最出色的一届奥运会
 

为了把北京2008年奥运会办成历史上最出色的一届奥运会，我们的任务是：

通过13亿人民的积极参与，让奥林匹克精神得到最广泛的弘扬和传播；体育设施符合奥运会的各项技术标准，主体育场及重要场馆建成代表当代一流水平的体育建筑精品；竟赛组织工作科学严谨，高效有序，公平公正，为运动员创造良好的比赛条件；组织管理和市场运作注重创新，并获得良好的经济效益。

以奥运项目为载体，加大改革力度，扩大对内对外开放，实行公平准入、公平竞争，基本形成与国际规范接轨的社会主义市场经济的管理体制和管理方式；完善政策法规体系，加强知识产权保护力度；培养和使用高素质人才，学习和借鉴国际先进经营理念和管理经验，博采中外各家所长。

大力提高我国竟技体育科研管理水平，加快建立和培养一支高素质的竞赛组织管理人才队伍，造就一批在科学选才和科学训练方面的优秀研究员和教练员，培养出一批竟技运动的新尖子人才。
 
 
来源：教育部考试中心