第三,非谓语动词用法也是历年必考项目之一,应予以重视。一般来说,不定式、分词(包括现在分词和过去分词)常在单选题中出现,动名词常出现在短文改错的考查中。不论它们出现在哪一项的考查中,作为重要语法点和知识点,了解意义、用法进而做出正确判断是非常重要的。对于非谓语动词的考查,考生在进行复习备考时,应保证一定数量的练习。另外,在对课文的学习过程中,应当留心比较并通过不断复现加强记忆。比如:The managers discussed the plan they would like to see carried out the next year.应该明白定语从句省略to,还应知道see sth. done这一用法。再比如:Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains to be seen whether they will enjoy it.应知道remain这个词的意思和用法,同时还应在平日的练习中加深印象,这样才能在考试中做出正确判断。
不少同学一到高三便急于做大量习题,忽略了对高中第三册教材的学习,这样做很不完备。其实,上到高三后仍应继续学习,只不过是另一种学法:学新忆旧法。学的是新课文,接触的是新单词,但同时又在复习、回忆以前学过的内容。在高中第三册第二课第9页上有这样一句:He was a strict but good captain,one,who unusually,took good care of his sailers on his ship.若同学们在课文学习中,对这样的长难句能稍作分析,从而知道one与前边的captain是同位语关系,who引导一个定语从句,这样再见到"Meeting my uncle after all these years was an unforgettable moment,one I will always treasure"时,自然会联想到以前学过的相关的内容,然后在空白处选one,这是2002年英语高考试题中的第35题。以上例句一方面说明了学习课文内容的重要性,另一方面也说明了从句的考查是高考单选题中的重要考查项目。在每年的15道题中至少有2道,而且各种从句都有可能考到。若希望少出错误,一方面应对课文、阅读材料中的长难句做到正确理解,一方面应做一定数量的练习。不少考生对考试中出现的动词词组的考查感到困惑,于是一头埋进题海中做大量练习,这样做很盲目。对词组的考查通常有两种情况:其一为过难题,这种题原本是考试中的不足点,不能因为在高考中出现就认定是一种暗示或倾向,从而大做特做这类练习题。比如2001年高考的第26题:We didn't plan the art exhibition like that,but it worked out very well.查遍初、高中课文,也无workout作"结果"解的句子。当学生作"算出"理解时,无论如何也无法与句意联系到一起。再从对该题的分析看,只有13%的同学选对,而且低分组同学猜对的人数大于高分段组同学的人数。而干扰项C went on的误选人数占44%,高分段组考生又明显高于低分组考生人数,这说明了考题命制存在问题。2002年高考中仍有一道动词词组题:We thought of selling old furniture,but we've decided to hold on to it.It might be valuable.选项hold on to与其他三个干扰项(keep up with,turn to,look after)相比较,既能感受到三个干扰项的作用,又能通过比较倾向于hold on to,这就使这道题猜之有据。如何才能从容应对每年高考单选题动词词组的考查呢?应从以下几个方面入手:一、高三课本中出现的词组要掌握,比如"吴哥窟"一文中"when the sun sinks lower,the shadows spread across the courtyard.And everything takes on a goldern colour"这一句,前者spread across不是词组,而后者take on则是词组,而且是动词与介词搭作及物动词使用。二、对一部分阅读短文中的词组或有用、有文彩的句子划一划并逐步记住。比如2001年高考中阅读理解部分A篇,全文较短,不足200词,叙述的事情也不复杂,但阅读过后仍能从中"学新"且"忆旧",学新体现在:The major market force rests in the growing population of white-collar employees,who can afford the new service.忆旧体现在:Now 12 car rental players are in the game,with more than 11500 cars in their books.第一句中rest in是个常见且有用的词组,后一句应该背下来。就短文而言,谈及出租汽车消费问题,不仅有with短语用法,还有player的妙用。原本应用"公司"一词,但句中用了"in the game"这个短语,从而将company改为player,使读者感到妙趣横生。同学们在大量阅读文章时,若每篇至少能够记住一个常用词组和一句有用的句子,
考生在书面表达中,最常见的毛病是"中文式英语",比较典型的例子有:If you want money,I have
no.If you want life,I have one.(要钱没有,要命有一条)Give a colour see see.(给点颜色看看)这几个句子是用英文套用中文概念,估计英、美人看不懂。另一种虽然也像英语,但一看就是中文的思维模式。比如:
2002年给英文报纸写信。原本应I am writing to tell you about the disscuss we've just had ahout whether an entrance fee should be charged for parks.但不少同学都写成I want to tell you about the discussion we've had about whether an entrance fee should be charged for parks.就I wanto tell you……而言,本身没有错,但用在此处就不符合英语习惯了。
2002年北京试卷野外生存训练的结尾部分:Thanks to the compass,we finally arrived at the campsite.Although we felt tired,we managed to set up the camp and to make a fire.然而有些同学偏偏受中文"虽然……但是……"的影响,将句子写成Though we felt tired,but we still managed to set up the camp and to make a fire.岂不知这样一来就成了两个不伦不类的英语句子了,前半句是主从复合句的从句,缺主句;后半句则是个并列句的第二分句,缺第一分句。
第二种常见的毛病是句子结构不正确。其实这也是"中文式英语"的延伸。同学在写出这种有问题的句子时,潜意识仍是中文。比如2002年全国卷中40% of the students are against the suggestion.或whereas 40% of the students have the opposite opinion.但是不少同学写成40% of the students against the suggestion.使得句子中少了动词。由此想到在平时的日常英语学习中,不少同学在写support(支持)的反义词时,将against作为首选。忽略词性是中国人学外语过程中常犯的错误。在表达应支付工人工资这层意思时,原本应40%of the students think fees should be charged,for you need money to pay gardeners and to buy plants and young trees.但相当一部分同学写成40% of the students think fees should be charged,for need money to pay the workers.这样写的结果,使得由for引导的第二分句少了句子的主语。看似是句子结构,实则是中文式英语的延伸。有的同学在表达"如果公园不收门票,从哪儿弄钱去付工人工资呢?"时这样写道"From where to get money to pay the gardeners if don't charge the fees?相信高中同学都能明白这个句子的意思,因为大家都是中国人,又读过表格中的信息,但对一个以英语为母语的外国人就不一样了,他们很难想到if后边的意思,显然这是一个缺少主语的复合句。正确的英语结构应为:where can we get money to pay the gardendrs if the parks don't get entrance fee?
第三种现象为用词欠考虑。造成这种错误的原因是平日积累太少,或没记准意思及用法。2002年北京卷最后部分Li Ming then put up the tent,and I made a fire and started cooking.但就有人写成Then we set up the camp and set fire to cook food.姑且不谈to cook food的对错,单就set fire而言就是个不可原谅的错误,set fire to a place系纵火烧某处,显而易见是对make a fire这个词组没有掌握。2002年全国卷"应收门票但价位不能太高"的表述中就有人写成"The price shouldn't be expensive."忽略了price,speed,temperature是high与low的关系,物品才能cheap与expensive呢。
例如:Charging entrance fees will no doubt keep some people away.What is more,it will become necessary to build gates and walls,which will do harm to the appearance of a city. On the other hand,40% of the students think that fees should be charged what's more,
On the other hand作为承上启下的过渡部分用得巧妙。从it起至ofacity止是个结构较为复杂的句子,而no doubt keep some people away无疑是较高级词汇。