【参考答案】

1. A. they are not rescued once a new edition comes out

 

2. B. They haven’t fixed all the shortcomings of print books.

 

3. A. they find it troublesome to take notes with an iPad.

 

4. D. they are no more than print versions put on a screen

 

5. C. a platform for building multimedia content

 

6. A. share his learning experience with the best and brightest thinkers

 

7. C. professors can join in students’ online discussions

 

8. manpower to put together each one

 

9. cost

 

10. remains to be seen

 

【整体点评】

这是一篇讨论电子课本能否取代纸质课本的议论文。电子书在现在社会已逐渐推广，因此，该话题对于考生而言并不陌生。文章通过对比，电子课本和纸质课本的优劣，最后，得出结论：电子课本未来能否取代纸质课本仍然是一个未知数。文章整体脉络清晰，论点鲜明。考生只要依照文章顺序，按图索骥，答对本篇阅读中的题目还是相对容易的。

 

【逐题细评】

1. 答案：A. they are not rescued once a new edition comes out

解析：【细节题】。由关键词the biggest problem 定位至文章第二段首句。由“But the worst part is that print editions of textbooks are constantly undergoing revisions.”可知，纸质版课本最大的问题是经常修订，因此，正确答案为A。

 

2. 答案：B. They haven’t fixed all the shortcomings of print books.

解析：【细节题】。由第三段“Which is why digital textbooks, if they live up to their promise, could help ease many of these shortcomings. But till now, they’ve been something like a mirage (幻影) in the distance,”可知，电子课本没能解决纸质书的所有问题。因此，正确答案为B。

 

3. 答案：A. they find it troublesome to take notes with an iPad.

解析：【细节题】。由Kalpit Shah定位到第五段。由“They weren’t using it as a source of communication because they couldn’t read or write in it.”可知，他们不使用电子书，是因为他们不能用电子书进行读写，因此，正确答案为A。

 

4. 答案：D. they are no more than print versions put on a screen

解析：【细节题】。由Inkling CEO Matt Maclnnis 定位到第九段。由 “What I mean by that is the current perspective of the digital textbook is it’s an exact copy of the print book. There’s Course Smart, etc., these guys who take an image of the page and put it on a screen.”可知，Course Smart现在的电子课本只是对纸质课本的复制，因此，正确答案为D。

 

5. 答案：C. a platform for building multimedia content

解析：【细节题】。由第十段首句“He calls Inkling a platform for publishers to build rich multimedia content from the ground up, with a heavy emphasis on real-world functionality.”可知，Matt Maclnnis 认为，Inkling是为出版商搭建丰富的多媒体资源的一个平台，因此，正确答案为C。

 

6. 答案：A. share his learning experience with the best and brightest thinkers

解析：【细节题】。由第14段首句 “But the most exciting part about Inkling，to me，is its notation (批注)system.”和第16段最后一句“The best comments are then sorted democratically by a voting system, meaning that your social learning experience is shared with the best and brightest thinkers.”，可知，最令作者兴奋的是，它的批注系统可以让用户与最优秀的人分享学习经验，因此，正确答案为A。

 

7. 答案：C. professors can join in students’ online discussions

解析：【细节题】。由第17段首句，“As a bonus, professors can even chime in (插话) on discussions.”可知，作为一项福利，教授们可以参与学生们的晚上讨论，因此，正确答案为C。

 

8．答案：manpower to put together each one

解析：【细节题】。由第21段“Each interactive textbook is a media-heavy experience built from the ground up, and you can tell that it takes a respectable amount of manpower to put together each one.”可知，因此，答案为manpower to put together each one。

 

9．答案：cost

解析：【细节题】。由第22段“For now the app is also iPad-exclusive, and though a few of these educational institutions are giving the hardware away for free, for other students who don’t have such a luxury it，s an added layer of cost and an expensive one at that”可知，因此，答案为cost。

 

10. 答案：remains to be seen

解析：【细节题】。由23段“Whether digitally interactive ones like Inkling actually take off or not remains to be seen, and we probably won’t have a definite answer for the next few years.”可知，因此，答案为remains to be seen。

 

 

Section B

Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Sheet 2 with a single line through the center.

 

Passage One

 

Questions 57 to 61 are based on the following passage.

 

Junk food is everywhere. We’re eating way too much of it. Most of us know what we’re doing and yet we do it anyway.

 

So here's a suggestion offered by two researchers at the Rand Corporation: Why not take a lesson from alcohol control policies and apply them to where food is sold and how it’s displayed?

"Many policy measures to control obesity （肥胖症）assume that people consciously and rationally choose what and how much they eat and therefore focus on providing information and more access to healthier foods," note the two researchers.

 

"In contrast," the researchers continue, "many regulations that don't assume people make rational choices have been successfully applied to control alcohol, a substance -- like food -- of which immoderate consumption leads to serious health problems."

 

The research references studies of people’s behavior with food and alcohol and results of alcohol restrictions, and then lists five regulations that the researchers think might be promising if applied to junk foods. Among them:

 

Density restrictions: licenses to sell alcohol aren't handed out unplanned to all comers but are allotted （分配）based on the number of places in an area that already sell alcohol. These make alcohol less easy to get and reduce the number of psychological cues to drink.

 

Similarly, the researchers say, being presented with junk food stimulates our desire to eat it. So why not limit the density of food outlets, particularly ones that sell food rich in empty calories? And why not limit sale of food in places that aren’t primarily food stores?

 

Display and sales restrictions: California has a rule prohibiting alcohol displays near the cash registers in gas stations, and in most places you can’t buy alcohol at drive-through facilities. At supermarkets, food companies pay to have their wares in places where they're easily seen. One could remove junk food to the back of the store and ban them from the shelves at checkout lines. The other measures include restricting portion sizes, taxing and prohibiting special price deals for junk foods, and placing warning labels on the products.

 

注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。

 

【总评】这是一篇讨论控制垃圾食品消费的议论文。文章介绍了Rand公司两位研究人员的建议：即借鉴控酒措施的经验，对售卖此类食品的地点和方式进行控制。文中具体介绍了这么做的原因以及一些具体条例。

 

57. What does the author say about junk food?

A) People should be educated not to eat too much.

B) It is widely consumed despite its ill reputation.

C) Its temptation is too strong for people to resist.

D) It causes more harm than is generally realized.

 

答案：C . Its temptation is too strong for people to resist.

【解析】推理题。由关键词Junk food定位至文章第一段。由“Junk food is everywhere. We're eating way too much of it. Most of us know what we're doing and yet we do it anyway.（垃圾食品无处不在，这样的食品我们吃得实在是太多了，我们大多数人都知道我们在做什么，但是我们还是在这么做）”可知，垃圾食品对人们的诱惑实在是太强了，以至于人们无法抵挡。选项B中的“ill reputation”在文中没有提到，所以，正确答案为C。

 

58. What do the Rand researchers think of many of the policy measures to control obesity?

A) They should be implemented effectively.

B) They provide misleading information.

C) They are based on wrong assumptions.

D) They help people make rational choices.

 

答案：C. They are based on wrong assumptions.

【解析】推理题。由关键词policy measures, obesity定位至文章第三段。文中提到“Many policy measures to control obesity (肥胖症）assume that people consciously and rationally choose what and how much they eat (很多控制肥胖症的政策都是假定人们能够有意识、理智地选择吃什么、吃多少)”，而第四段中进一步提到“In contrast… many regulations that don't assume people make rational choices have been successfully applied to control alcohol（那些没有假定人们会作出理智选择的规章条例在控酒方面取得了成功）”。由此可以推知，很多控制肥胖症的政策措施都是基于错误的假设前提的，所以，正确答案为C。

 

59. Why do policymakers of alcohol control place density restrictions?

A) Few people are able to resist alcohol’s temptations.

B) There are already too many stores selling alcohol.

C) Drinking strong alcohol can cause social problems.

D) Easy access leads to customers' over-consumption.

答案：D. Easy access leads to customers' over-consumption.

【解析】推理题。由关键词density restrictions，obesity定位至文章倒数第三段。由“These（即density restrictions） make alcohol less easy to get and reduce the number of psychological cues to drink.”可知，因为购买的途径很简单的话会导致消费者过度消费。所以要颁布这样一项限制措施，就是为了减少人们购买酒类饮品的数量。所以，正确答案为D。

 

60. What is the purpose of California’s rule about alcohol display in gas stations?

A) To effectively limit the density of alcohol outlets.

B) To help drivers to give up the habit of drinking.

C) To prevent possible traffic jams in nearby areas.

D) To get alcohol out of drivers’ immediate sight.

 

答案：D. To get alcohol out of drivers’ immediate sight.

【解析】推理题。由关键词California定位至文章最后一段。Display and sales restrictions: California has a rule prohibiting alcohol displays near the cash registers in gas stations, and in most places you can’t buy alcohol at drive-through facilities. At supermarkets, food companies pay to have their wares in places where they're easily seen. One could remove junk food to the back of the store and ban them from the shelves at checkout lines.关键词display，由此可知主要强调要把垃圾食品淡出人们的视线。所以，正确答案为D。

 

61. What is the general guideline the Rand researchers suggest about junk food control?

A) Guiding people to make rational choices about food.

B) Enhancing people’s awareness of their own health.

C) Borrowing ideas from alcohol control measures.

D. Resorting to economic, legal and psychological means

 

答案：C. Borrowing ideas from alcohol control measures.

【解析】细节题。由关键词Rand researchers定位到第二段。文中提到“So here's a suggestion offered by two researchers at the Rand Corporation: Why not take a lesson from alcohol control policies and apply them to where food is sold and how it's displayed? take a lesson即borrow ideas，由此可知，Rand公司的研究人员建议借鉴控酒措施的经验，所以，正确答案为C。

 

Whether you think you need daytime rest or not, picking up a nap habit—or continuing to make time for one—is a smart, healthy move. Consider the evidence: The Mayo Clinic says naps promote relaxation, reduced fatigue, better mood and alertness, and a sharper-working mind. A 2008 British study found that compared to getting more nighttime sleep or guzzling caffeine, a mid-day nap was the best way to cope with the mid-afternoon slump.

 

According to the Harvard Health Letter, several studies have shown that people remember new information better when they take a nap shortly after learning it. And, most incredibly, a 2007 study of nearly 24,000 Greek adults in the Archives of Internal Medicine found that people who napped regularly had a 37 percent reduced risk of dying from heart disease compared to people who didn’t nap.

 

Of course, napping isn’t right for everyone. If you’re prone to insomnia, naps that are too long or taken too late in the day can interfere with your ability to fall or stay asleep at night. Also, people with certain sleep disorders, like sleep apnea or narcolepsy, may feel more tired if they take a nap than if they don’t.

 

But for most, naps can make you feel sharper and happier. Naps provide different benefits depending on how long they are, says MentalFloss.com. A 20-minute nap will boost alertness and concentration; a 90-minute snooze can enhance creativity.

 

According to Prevention.com, you experience a natural dip in body temperature between 1 p.m. and 3 p.m. A power nap at this time can boost alertness for several hours and, for most people, shouldn’t affect being able to fall asleep at night.

 

Pick a dark, cozy place that’s not too warm or too chilly. Prevention.com recommends napping on the couch instead of in bed, so you’re less tempted to snooze for too long.

 

Surprisingly, the best place to crash may be a hammock if you have one. A Swiss study published last year found that people fell asleep faster and had deeper sleep when they napped in a hammock than in a bed. That same rocking motion that lulls babies to sleep works wonders for grown-ups too.

 

点评：本篇完形填空摘自Read’s Digest， 再次体现了四六级考试频繁使用外刊素材的特点。

 

本篇文章主要讲述了睡午觉的好处。不管你是否觉得有睡午觉的必要，养成这样的习惯可以让你有效对抗下午的困顿。但是，睡午觉也未必适合每个人。如果你本身已经有失眠的问题，睡午觉会让你晚上更难入睡。

 

除了通过上下文理解才能得出答案的题目之外，仍然考察了一些语法点。比如第69题，A 2008 British study found that compared to getting more nighttime sleep, a mid-day nap was the best way to cope __69___ the mid-afternoon sleepiness. 这里明显考察的就是词组cope with.表示处理、应对。

 

再比如第73题，And most incredibly, a 2007 study of nearly 24,000 Greek adults in the Archives of Internal Medicine found that people who napped regularly had a 37% reduced risk of dying __73__ heart disease ……这里也非常明显的考察了词组die from

 

同时也考察了对动词词义的辨析。例如第77题，A 20-minute nap will boost alertness and concentration; a 90-minute snooze will __77___creativity.

 

选项包括了enlarge, engage, enhance 和enlighten. 根据前半句话的含义可知，20分钟午睡可以提高专注度，那么90分钟的午睡就更应该对创造力有益了。通过对4个选项的分析，只有enhance能够表达这个意思。此处除了要搞清楚4个选项本身的含义外，还要注意运用上下文来进行最终判断。

 

总体来说，整篇文章难度并不大，也没有出现过于生僻的表述方式。只要能够清楚辨析选项，熟悉搭配，并且充分理解上下文，就能够顺利完成本篇完形填空。

 

87. ____________________________ (不管你出了多少错), you are still ahead of those who won’t try.

【参考答案】：No matter how many mistakes you've made

 

88. When he came to, he found himself ____________________________(躺在一个陌生人的房间里).

【参考答案】：lying in a stranger's room

 

89. The new approach is quite different from the traditional one and ____________________________(结果远不令人满意).

【参考答案】： the result is far from satisfactory

 

90. I have not seen John for years, nor ____________________________(他的父母也没有收到他的音讯).

【参考答案】：have his parents heard from him

 

91. It is sad to see some people cross the street, ____________________________(全然不理会交通信号).

【参考答案】：without regard to the traffic lights 

 

2013年6月英语四级作文真题

 

On Doing Small Things

 

 

四级考试，最大的亮点之一，就是写作。亮点在于其命题形式：图画作文。

 

分析，在2012年6月16日，六级考察了图画作文，而当时，图画作文出现在六级也是第一次；目前，四级已经考察了图表作文，考研考的题，六级都没有考过；因此这么推论分析，也可能这次四级轮到图画作文了 —— 考研考过，六级考过，就剩你四级了！

 

图画的内容和构图不难：父亲和男孩子的对话，孩子说“ Dad，I am a bit worried about disposing of nuclear weapon. （爸爸，我有点担心清除核武器这个问题）”，父亲则回答“ If you can empty the dustbin, you can do anything. (如果你能把垃圾桶倒掉，你就能坐好任何事情)” ，说话间，手指着垃圾桶。

 

这幅图画和2012年6月的六级漫画作文非常相似，当时的图中，也是两人对话，女儿和父亲。父亲问女儿：“ Hi, sweetie, how was your school today ? (嘿，小甜心，你在今天在学校过得怎么样？)” 女儿非常冷漠的回答：“Dad, you can read all about it on my blogs. (爹哋，你自己可以在我的博客上读到所有内容)”，然后呢，女儿拔腿出门，留下父亲一脸惊愕。

 

说回这个四级的作文题。

 

作文的第一段，要进行简单描绘图画内容，这是必须的，也是题目中强制要求的（a brief description of the picture）。描述的时候，只要把父子两的对话移植到第一段，然后把父亲手指垃圾桶的动作描绘一下就可以了，非常简单。

 

作文的第二段，进行主旨提炼并且论述。这幅图画很容易看出主题，那就是做大事之前，要先做小事（一屋不扫，何以扫天下）,而且题目中其实早就已经透露了主题了 （express your views on the importance of doing small things before undertaking something big.）因此，第二段通篇论述小事做起的重要性就可以了。属于我在课堂上讲过的作文三大分类之“积极主题，论述意义”

 

作文第三段，总结，启发。这一段再次强调小事做起的意义，我们不能低估他的威力。文章最后可以以名人名言作为结尾。

 

请看范文：

 

We can see from the illustration there is a father talking to his son. Having heard his son’s words “Dad, I am a bit worried about disposing of nuclear weapons”, the father replies, “If you can empty the dustbin here, you can do anything”, pointing the garbage can beside him.

 

Funny and common as the conversation sounds, it reflects that the father intends to advise his son to do small things before undertaking the big. Unquestionably, doing small things is the first step of success and will lay root for doing something big. By doing something small, we are enabled to accumulate experience, master skills and train ourselves to be more patient. In other words, we can be well prepared for further challenges in the course of fulfilling small things. By contrast, those who set out to do something big will be constantly haunted by disappointment, frustrations or even failures. As when opportunity “something big” appears, they can hardly seize them because of the lack of experience and confidence stems from doing small things. Taking the picture presented above as a case in point, how can the little boy succeed in disposing of nuclear weapons if he even doesn’t know how to empty the dustbin?

 

From my perspective, under no circumstances should we undervalue the power of doing small things. Instead, we should regard small things as the source of experience, skills and the prerequisite of success. “Great achievement only belongs to those who can do small things perfectly.” Aristotle once said.

 

下午的六级考试，出题形式上来说，图画、图表以及引语类都是有可能的。比例是三分天下，各占三成。

 

如果是图画作文，一，不要忘记描绘图画的内容；二，提炼出图画里面的主旨，要么积极的向上的好事，需要我们领悟和执行；要么是消极的负面的坏事，需要我们理性分析看待，最后给出一些看法建议。不难，别怕。主题，如果是正面文章，可以关注下 taking actions （采取行动的意义）the consciousness of innovation ( 创新意识) 等等；

 

如果是图表作文，一、第一段描绘图表内容，不难；二，提炼主旨和论述，这个和图画作文一样。三，提出个人观点，预测图表趋势，友善建议提醒都可以。可以关注一下市场经济发展（各个行业发展趋势）、文化教育类（出国留学 、学生就业择业）以及社会负面问题 （the aging of population人口老龄化）、环境资源以及交通事故等话题。

 

如果是引语作文，关键是要看出引语内含的主旨，并进行论述就可以。去年的六级出了On maintaining trust维持信任和 man and

 

computer 人与电脑两个话题，一个是抽象的，一个是现实具体的。那么今天下午的考试，如果是引语作文，应该也会一个是抽象话题，一个是具体现实话题。抽象话题，诸如“自信、沟通、合作、乐观、耐心、行动、梦想、创新”等，只要论述其意义就可以；如果是现实问题，比如“大学生就业难、酒后驾驶、假冒伪劣产品、手机热、环境保护”等，只要分析这些现象背后的原因和根源就可以了。

 

最后，预祝各位考生顺利。