【原文】
中国人使用筷子已经有3000多年的历史了。中国的筷子夹菜的一端是圆的，象征着天;另一端是方的，象征着地。这是因为，维持充足的食物供应是天地之间最重要的事情。中国有个古老的风俗，女子出嫁时要用筷子当嫁妆，因为“筷子”与“快子”谐音。根据中国的餐桌礼仪，吃饭时一直握着筷子是不礼貌的。将菜送入口中后，应立刻把筷子放下。吃饭时，用筷子指着别人会对其造成冒犯。
【翻译词汇】
筷子 chopsticks
维持 maintain
充足的 adequate
嫁妆 dowry
谐音 be pronounced the same as
餐桌礼仪 table manners
不礼貌的 impolite
冒犯 offend
【译文】
There has been a history of more than 3 000 years for the Chinese to have meals with chopsticks. Chinese chopsticks are round on the eating end which symbolizes the heaven, and the other end is square which symbolizes the earth. It is because maintaining an adequate food supply is the greatest concern between the heaven and the earth. There is an old custom in the past in China, that chopsticks should be a part of a girl’s dowry. Kuaizi (chopsticks) is pronounced the same as “kuai zi”.The latter symbolized “quick” and “son”. According to the Chinese traditional table manners, it is impolite to hold the chopsticks all the time over the meal. As soon as one person sends a bite into his mouth, he should put down the chopsticks. It would offend others to point at them with chopsticks over the meal.
【原文】
泰山称东岳，以“五岳独尊”的盛名享誉古今。按照“五行学说”，东方属木，主生发，有生命之源、万物之本的含义。这就是古代帝王通常在自己登基或晚年时到泰山封禅祭拜的原因。泰山拔地通天，气势磅礴，汉语又有“稳如泰山”、“重于泰山”之说。1987年，联合国教科文组织将泰山列为世界自然与文化遗产。
【翻译词汇】
泰山 Mount Tai
东岳 East Yue
五岳独尊 the most important mountain of the Five Holy Mountains
享誉 have a great reputation
五行学说 the theory of five elements
生发 liveliness
生命之源、万物之本 a place where nature regulated and adjusted its procedures
登基 be crowned
封禅祭拜 make pilgrimages to
稳如泰山 as firm as Mount Tai
重于泰山 as weighty as Mount Tai
宣布 proclaim
【译文】
Mount Tai, called “East Yue”, has a great reputation for the most important mountain of the Five Holy Mountains. According to the theory of five elements, the East belongs to mu, which means liveliness. Therefore, the East is a place where nature regulated and adjusted its procedures. This explains why important emperors made pilgrimages mostly to Mount Tai when they were crowned or in their later years. It is a symbol of loftiness and might, hence, there are the Chinese idioms: “as firm as Mount Tai” and “as weighty as Mount Tai”. Mount Tai was proclaimed world natural and cultural heritage by UNESCO in 1987.
【原文】
北京有无数的胡同(hutong)。平民百姓在胡同里的生活给古都北京带来了无穷的魅力。北京的胡同不仅仅 是平民百姓的生活环境，而且还是一门建筑艺术。通常，胡同内有一个大杂院，房间够4到10个家庭的差不多20 口人住。所以，胡同里的生活充满了友善和人情味。如今，随着社会和经济的飞速发展，很多胡同被新的高楼大 厦所取代。但愿胡同可以保留下来。
【参考答案】
In Beijing, there are numerous hutongs. The life of common people in hutongs brings endless charm to the ancient capital, Beijing. The hutong in Beijing is not only the living environment of common people but also a kind of architecture. Usually, there is a courtyard complex inside hutong, with rooms shared by 4 to 10 families of about 20 people. Therefore, life in hutongs is full of friendliness and genuine humanity. Nowadays, with rapid social and economic development, many hutongs are replaced by new tall buildings. I hope hutongs can be preserved.
【难点分析】
1.带来了无穷的魅力：翻译为bring endless charm to。
2.汉语习惯于用并列的散句或短语来表达一个语境，而英文习惯上用整句表述，句内不太重要的信息会用介词短语或从句来补充说明，如本段中“胡同内有一个大杂院，房间够4到10个家庭的差不多20口人住”是 ： 两个并列关系的汉语短句，翻译成英文时可将第二句用with介词结构表达出来，起补充说明的作用。
3.充满友善和人情味：翻译为full of friendliness and genuine humanity。
4.随着社会和经济的飞速发展：翻译为with rapid social and economic development，也是with介词短语的应 用，在句中作伴随状语。
【原文】
要了解中国文化，就应该对中国的戏曲文化有所了解。中国地方戏种类很多，其中京剧是一个具有代表 性的剧种。作为一个独立的剧种，京剧的诞生大约是在1840年至I860年。京剧是在吸收其他地方戏营养的基础 上形成的。京剧有明确的角色分工;在念白上用北京方言;在音乐上以胡琴为主要伴奏乐器。由于京剧是在融 合各种地方戏之精华的基础上形成的，所以它不仅为北京的观众所钟爱，也受到全国人民的喜爱。
【参考译文】
To understand the Chinese culture, you have to know something about the Chinese opera culture. In China, there are many kinds of local operas, among which Peking Opera is a representative one. As an independent opera form, Peking Opera was approximately born between 1840 and I860. Peking opera originated from absorbing the essentials of other local operas. In Peking Opera there is a clear division of roles; the spoken parts are in Beijing dialect; and huqin, is the main accompaniment instrument. Since Peking Opera has combined the cream of various local operas, it is enjoyed not only by Beijing audience, but also by people all over the country.
【难点解析】
1.要了解中国文化，就应该对中国的戏曲文化有所了解：该句没有给出明确的主语，因而在翻译时要注意：增译主语you。“中国的戏曲文化”可译为the Chinese opera culture。
2.中国地方戏种类很多，其中京剧是一个具有代表性的剧种：该句在翻译时可以采用非限定性定语从句结构。该句可译为：In China, there are many kinds of local operas, among which Peking Opera is a representative one.注意此处为了避免在前后分句中重复使用名词opera而在后半句中使用了名词性替代词 one。
3.京剧是在吸收其他地方戏营养的基础上形成的：“在„„的基础上形成”如果直接译为be formed on the I basis of...会稍显生硬，因而可以灵活译为originate from...。“地方戏”可以直译为local opera。
4.念白：“念白”指的是中国戏曲中人物的独白或者两者的对话，因而此处在翻译时可将其灵活译为the I spoken parts。
5.胡琴：这一特有名词在英文中并没有直接对应的词汇或表达，因而可以采用汉语拼音表示。
6.它不仅为北京的观众所钟爱，也受到全国人民的喜爱：“不仅 也 ”常用not only„but also„来表达。此处句中的“钟爱”和“喜爱”同义，在翻译后半部分内容时可以将与前半部分重复的内容省略，故该部分内容可译为：it is enjoyed not only by Beijing audience, but also by people all over the country。
请将下面这段话翻译成英文：
诚实是指真诚正直、言行一致。守信是指遵守承诺、不虚伪、不欺骗。孔子教导弟子要诚实。在学习上，知之为知之，不知为不知。孔子认为这才是对待学习的正确态度。古时候，中国商铺的大门上写着“货真价实，童叟无欺”。这表明从古时候起，中国就已推行公平交易、以诚待客、不欺骗、不造假的道德标准。现代中国将诚实守信的美德加以发扬光大。诚实守信就是工作学习时专心负责；对朋友坦诚、言出必行。
参考译文：
Honesty is to be sincere and upright,and match one's words with his/her action.Being trustworthy is to keep one's word and not to be false and deceitful.Confucius taught his disciples to be honest.In study,if you know a thing,say you know it;if you don't,say you don't.He thought it was the correct attitude towards study.In ancient times,the doors of Chinese shops had on it an inscription“genuine goods at a fair price for all customers.”This shows that since old times China has advocated the ethics of fair trade,honesty towards customers,no deception and no falsification.In modern China,the virtue of being honest and trustworthy has been carried forward.It is to be single-minded and responsible at work and in learning,and it is to be honest to friends and one should practice what he/she says.
词句点拨
1.言行一致:即“言论和行动相统一”，故译为match one's words with his/her action。
2.知之为知之，不知为不知:可译为if you know a thing,say you know it;if you don't,say you don't。
3.货真价实，童叟无欺:可译为非谓语短语形式genuine goods at a fair price for all customers,显得简洁。
4.公平交易:可译为fair trade。
请将下面这段话翻译成英文：
长安，今称西安，是唐朝的都城。唐朝时期的长安约比今天的西安大11倍，是具有国际声誉的大都市(metropolis)。长安的街道和住宅设计得像一个棋盘，东西布局整洁、匀称。长安城内，很多街道的宽度都超过了100米。长安也是当时中国的文化中心，有丰富多样的娱乐活动，如音乐、舞蹈、斗鸡(cock fighting)等。很多日本和朝鲜的学生纷纷来到长安学习，中亚的商人经丝绸之路(the Silk Road) 聚集在此。长安城约100万人口之中，外国人就超过了1万户。
参考译文：
Chang'an，now called Xi'an，was the capital city of the Tang Dynasty. During the Tang Dynasty, Chang'an was nearly eleven times as large as today's Xi'an，and was a metropolis with an international reputation. The streets and residences of Chang'an were designed like a chessboard, with neat and well-proportioned layout of the east and west.Lots of streets and avenues inside the city were over 100 meters wide.Chang'an was also the cultural center of China at that time，with rich and colorful entertainment activities such as music，dancing,cock fighting，etc.Many students from Japan and Korea came to study in Chang'an，and merchants from Central Asia went along the Silk Road to gather there.Among the population of about one million in Chang'an，there were more than 10,000 foreign households.
词句点拨
1.今称西安:作为同位语，可译为now called Xi'an，也可以说now known as Xi'an。
2.具有国际声誉的大都市:可译为a metropolis with an international reputation。
3.设计得像一个棋盘:可译为be designed like a chessboard。
4.布局:可译为layout。“东西布局”即 layout of the east and west。
5.匀称:可译为well-proportioned或well-balanced。
6.宽度都超过了100米:可译为over 100 meters wide 或over 100 meters in width。
7.—万户:其中“户”可译为household，且用复数。
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