选词填空：

 

Questions 36 to 45 are based on the following passage.

 

Children do not think the way adults do. For most of the first year of life, if something is out of sight, it’s out of mind. if you cover a baby’s__36__toy with a piece of cloth, the baby thinks the toy has disappeared and stops looking for it. A 4-year-old man__37__, that a sister has more fruit juice when it is only the shapes of the glasses that differ, not the __38__ of the juice.

 

Yet children are smart in their own way. Like good little scientists,children are always testing their child-sized __39__ about how things work.When your child throws her spoon on the floor for the sixth time as you try to feed her, and you say, “That’s enough! I will not pick up your spoon again!”the child will__40__ test your claim. Are you serious? Are you angry? What will happen if she throws the spoon again? She is not doing this to drive you__41__;rather, she is learning 

that her desires and yours can differ, and that sometimes those__42__ are important and sometimes they are not.

 

How and why does children’s thinking change? In the 1920s, Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget proposed that children’s cognitive abilities unfold__43__,like the blooming of a flower, almost independent of what else is__44__ in their lives. Although many of his specific conclusions have been__45__ or modified over the years, his ideas inspired thousands of studies by investigators all over the world.

 

A) advocate B) amount C) confirmed

 

D) crazy E) definite F) differences

 

G) favorite H) happening I) immediately

 

J) naturally K) obtaining L) primarily

 

M) protest N) rejected O) theories

 

长篇阅读：

 

Section B

 

Directions:In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the question by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.

 

The Perfect Essay

 

A) Looking back on too many years of education, I can identify one truly impossible teacher. She cared about me,and my intellectual life, even when I didn’t. Her expectations were high impossibly so. She was an English teacher. She was also my mother.

 

B) When good students turn in an essay, they dream of their instructor returning it to them in exactly the same condition, save for a single word added in the margin of the final page:”Flawless.” This dream came true for me one afternoon in the ninth grade. Of course, I had heard that genius could show itself at an early age, so I was only slightly taken aback that I had achieved perfection at the tender age of14. Obviously, I did what any professional writer would do; I hurried off to spread the good news. I didn’t get very far. The first person I told was my mother.

 

C) My mother, who is just shy of five feet tall, is normally incredibly soft-spoken, but on the rare occasion when she got angry, she was terrifying. I am not sure if she was more upset by my hubris(得意忘形) or by the fact that my English teacher had let my ego get so out of hand. In any event, my mother and her red pen showed me how deeply flawed a flawless essay could be. At the time, I am sure she thought she was teaching me about mechanics, transitions(过渡), structure, style and voice. But what I learned, and what stuck with me through my time teaching writing at Harvard, was a deeper lesson about the nature of creative criticism.

 

D) Fist off, it hurts. Genuine criticism, the type that leaves a lasting mark on you as a writer, also leaves an existential imprint(印记) on you as a person. I have heard people say that a writer should never take criticism personally. I say that we should never listen to these people.

 

E) Criticism, at its best, is deeply personal, and gets to the heart of why we write the way we do. The intimate nature of genuine criticism implies something about who is able to give it, namely, someone who knows you well enough to show you how your mental life is getting in the way of good writing. Conveniently, they are also the people who care enough to see you through this painful realization. For me it took the form of my first, and I hope only, encounter with writer’s block—I was not able to produce anything for three years.

 

F) Franz Kafka once said:” Writing is utter solitude(独处), the 

 

descent into the cold abyss(深渊) of oneself. “My mother’s criticism had shown me that Kafka is right about the cold abyss, and when you make the introspective (内省的) decent that writing requires you are out always pleased by what you find.” But, in the years that followed, her sustained tutoring suggested that Kafka might be wrong about the solitude. I was lucky enough to find a critic and teacher who was willing to make the journey of writing with me. “It is a thing of no great difficulty,” according to Plutarch, “to raise objections against another man’s speech, it is a very easy matter; but to produce a better in its place is a work extremely troublesome.” I am sure I wrote essays in the later years of high school without my mother’s guidance, but I can’t recall them. What I remember, however, is how we took up the “extremely troublesome”work of ongoing criticism.

 

G) There are two ways to interpret Plutarch when he suggests that a critic should be able to produce “a better in its place.” In a straightforward sense, he could mean that a critic must be more talented than the artist she critiques(评论). My mother was well covered on this count. But perhaps Plutarch is suggesting something slightly different, something a bit closer to MarcusCicero’s claim that one should “criticize by creation, not by finding fault.”Genuine criticism creates a precious opening for an author to become better on this own terms—a process that is often extremely painful, but also almost always meaningful.

 

H) My mother said she would help me with my writing, but fist I had myself. For each assignment, I was write the best essay I could. Real criticism is not meant to find obvious mistakes, so if she found any—the type I could have found on my own—I had to start from scratch. From scratch. Once the essay was “flawless,” she would take an evening to walk me through my errors. That was when true criticism, the type that changed me as a person, began.

 

I) She criticized me when I included little-known references and professional jargon(行话). She had no patience for brilliant but irrelevant figures of speech. “Writers can’t bluff(虚张声势) their way through ignorance.” That was news to me—I would need to find another way to structure my daily existence.

 

J) She trimmed back my flowery language, drew lines through my exclamation marks and argued for the value of restraint in expression. “John,” she almost whispered. I learned in to hear her:”I can’t hear you when you shout at me.” So I stopped shouting and bluffing, and slowly my writing improved.

 

K) Somewhere along the way I set aside my hopes of writing that flawless essay. But perhaps I missed something important in my mother’s lessons about creativity and perfection. Perhaps the point of writing the flawless essay was not to give up, but to never willingly finish. Whitman repeatedly reworded “Song of Myself” between 1855 and 1891.Repeatedly. We do our absolute best wiry a piece of writing, and come as close as we can to the ideal. And, for the time being, we settle. In critique,however, we are forced to depart, to give up the perfection we thought we had achieved for the chance of being even a little bit better. 

 

This is the lesson I took from my mother. If perfection were possible, it would not be motivating.

 

46. The author was advised against the improper use of figures of speech.

 

47. The author’s mother taught him a valuable lesson by pointing out lots of flaws in his seemingly perfect essay.

 

48. A writer should polish his writing repeatedly so as to get closer to perfection.

 

49. Writers may experience periods of time in their life when they just can’t produce anything.

 

50. The author was not much surprised when his school teacher marked his essay as “flawless”.

 

51. Criticizing someone’s speech is said to be easier than coming up 

with a better one.

 

52. The author looks upon his mother as his most demanding and caring instructor.

 

53. The criticism the author received from his mother changed him as a 

person.

 

54. The author gradually improved his writing by avoiding fact language.

 

55. Constructive criticism gives an author a good start to improve his 

writing.

 

仔细阅读：

 

第一篇

 

Could you reproduce Silicon Valley elsewhere, or is there something unique about it?

 

It wouldn’t be surprising if it were hard to reproduce in other countries, because you couldn't reproduce it in most of the US either. 

 

What does it take to make a Silicon Valley?

 

It’s the right people. If you could get the right ten thousand people to move from Silicon Valley to Buffalo, Buffalo would become Silicon Valley.

 

You only need two kinds of people to create a technology hub (中心):rich people and nerds (痴迷科研的人).

 

Observation bears this out. Within the US, towns have become start up hubs if and only if they have both rich people and nerds. Few start ups happen in Miami, for example, because although it’s full of rich people, it has few nerds. It’s not the kind of place nerds like.

 

Whereas Pittsburgh has the opposite problem: plenty of nerds, but no rich people. The top US Computer Science departments are said to be MIT, 

 

Stanford, Berkeley, and Carnegie-Mellon. MIT yielded Route 128. Stanford and Berkeley yielded Silicon Valley. But what did Carnegie-Mellon yield in Pittsburgh? And what happened in Ithaca, home of Cornell University, 

 

which is also high on the list.

 

I grew up in Pittsburgh and went to college at Cornell, so I can answer for both. The weather is terrible, particularly in winter, and there’s 

no interesting old city to make up for it, as there is in Boston. Rich 

people don’t want to live in Pittsburgh or Ithaca. So while there are 

plenty of hackers (电脑迷)who could start start ups, there’s no one to invest in them.

 

Do you really need the rich people? Wouldn’t it work to have the government invest the nerds?No, it would not. Start up investors are a distinct type of rich people. They tend to have a lot of experience 

themselves in the technology business. This helps them pick the right start ups, and means they can supply advice and connections as well as 

money. And the fact that they have a personal stake in the outcome makes them really pay attention.

 

56. What do we learn about Silicon Valley from the passage?

 

A) Its success is hard to copy any where else.

 

B) It is the biggest technology hub in the US.

 

C) Its fame in high technology is incomparable.

 

D) It leads the world in information technology.

 

57. What makes Miami unfit to produce a Silicon Valley?

 

A) Lack of incentive for investments.

 

B) Lack of the right kind of talents.

 

C) Lack of government support.

 

D) Lack of famous universities.

 

58. In that way is Carnegie-Mellon different from Stanford, Berkeley and 

 

MIT?

 

A) Its location is not as attractive to rich people

 

B) Its science department are not nearly as good

 

C) It does not produce computer hackers and nerds

 

D) It does not pay much attention to business start ups

 

59. What does the author imply about Boston?

 

A) It has pleasant weather all year round.

 

B) It produces wealth as well as high-tech

 

C) It is not likely to attract lots of investor and nerds.

 

D) It is an old city with many sites of historical interest.

 

60. What does the author say about start up investors?

 

A) They are especially wise in making investments.

 

B) They have good connections in the government.

 

C) They can do more than providing money.

 

D) They are enough to invest in nerds.

 

第二篇

It’s nice to have people of like mind around. Agreeable people boost 

your confidence and allow you to relax and feel comfortable. 

Unfortunately, that comfort can hinder the very learning that can expand your company and your career.

 

It’s nice to have people agree, but you need conflicting perspectives to dig out the truth. If everyone around you has similar views, your work will suffer from confirmation bias. (偏颇)

 

Take a look at your own network. Do you contacts share your point of view on most subjects? It yes, it’s time to shake things up. As a leader, it can be challenging to create an environment in which people will freely disagree and argue, but as the saying goes: From confrontation comes brilliance.

 

It’s not easy for most people to actively seek conflict. Many spend their lives trying to avoid arguments. There’s no need to go out and find people you hate, but you need to do some self-assessment to determine where you have become stale in your thinking. You may need to start by encouraging your current network to help you identify your blind spots.

 

Passionate, energetic debate does not require anger and hard feelings to be effective. But it does require moral strength. Once you have worthing opponents, set some ground rules so everyone understands responsibilities and boundaries. The objective of this debating game is not to win but to get to the truth that will allow you to move faster,and better.

 

Fierce debating can hurt feelings,particularly when strong personalities are involved. Make sure your check in with your opponents so that they are not carrying the emotion of the battles beyond the battlefield. Break the tension with smiles and humor to reinforce the idea that this is friendly discourse and that all are working toward a common goal.Reword all those involved in the debate sufficiently when the goals are reached. Let your sparring partners (拳击陪练) know how much you appreciate their contribution. The more they feel appreciated, the more they’ll be willing to get into the ring next time.

 

61.What happens when you have like-minded people around you all the while?

 

A) It will help your company expand more rapidly.

 

B) It will be create a harmonious working atmosphere.

 

C) It may prevent your business and career from advancing.

 

D) It may make you fell uncertain about your own decision.

 

62.What does the author suggest leaders do?

 

A) Avoid arguments with business partners.

 

B) Encourage people to disagree and argue.

 

C) Build a wide and strong business network.

 

D) Seek advice from their worthy competitors.

 

63.What is the purpose of holding a debate?

 

A) To find out the truth about an issue.

 

B) To build up people’s moral strength.

 

C) To remove misunderstandings.

 

D) To look for worthy opponents.

 

64.What advice does the author give to people engaged in a fierce debate?

 

A) They listen carefully to their opponents' views.

 

B) They slow due respect for each other's beliefs.

 

C) They present their views clearly and explicitly.

 

D) They take care not to hurt each other's feelings.

 

65.How should we treat our rivals after a successful debate?

 

A) Try to make peace with them.

 

B) Try to make up the differences.

 

C) Invite them to the ring next time.

 

D) Acknowledge their contribution.

 

【参考答案】

 

阅读：

 

选词填空：

 

36. N. saw 第一空显然缺少谓语，优先考虑动词，结合语义并根据Late November and December可以推出应选择过去式动词，故答案锁定saw.

 

37. F. decades 根据two，首选复数名词，结合语义，“ for the first time in the two decades”， 二十年来头一次。

 

38. H. globally 句子为主系表结构，不缺主要成分，所以首选副词和形容词，根据语义，ever表示“一直以来地、向来地”，“十一月向来是全球范围内最温暖的一个月。”

 

39. D. chances 缺少主语，并且谓语是are，所以首选复数形式的名词，结合前文Enjoy the snow now， “享受现在的雪吧”，因为“时机是好的”。

 

40. J. occurs 空格前方有主语，且是单数形式，而后面由when引导的时间状语从句的时态是一般现在时，所以主句谓语锁定第三人称单数形式的动词，只能选择occurs.

 

41. A. specific空格左为定冠词the，空格右为名词，中间只能选形容词，选择“特定的”符合语义。

 

42. B. associated 空格左为be动词，右边为介词with，中间只能是形容词或动词的过去分词形式，be associated with表示“与…有联系”，符合原意。

 

43. G. experiences 空格左为主语southern Africa，空格内应该为动词的第三人称单词形式，结合语义，选G，“南非经历着干燥的天气。

 

44. M. reduce 空格左为情态动词，空格内必须为动词原形，填reduce“减少”符合原题。

 

45. K. populations 空格与左边的large fish 共同构成动词support的宾语，只能选一个名词来作为名词词组，故选K，“大量的鱼群”。

 

段落匹配：

 

46. I，根据关键信息“figures of speech”定位到I段，原文中该词组前面的形容词是“irrelevant”，和句中的“improper”为同义替换关系。

 

47. C，根据关键信息“flaws”可定位至C段，同义替换关系句“my mother and her red pen showed me how deeply flawed a flawless essay could be.”

 

48. K，该句意思为“为了达到完美，作家应该反复地修改他的文章”，对应K段中的“Perhaps the point of writing the flawless essay was not to give up， but to never willingly finish.”

 

49. E，该句大意为“某些时间段里，作家可能会感觉什么都写不出来了”，对应E段中的“I was not able to produce anything for 3 years.”。

 

50. B， 该句意为“当老师认为作者的文章没有瑕疵时，他并不惊讶”，对应B段

 

的“so I was only slightly taken aback that I had achieved perfection at the tender age of 14.”该句中的“taken aback”意为“惊讶”。

 

51. F，该句意为“对别人的演讲品头论足总比自己做一个更棒的演讲容易”，对

应F段的“It is a thing of no great difficulty，” according to Plutarch， “to raise objections against another man’s speech， it is a very easy matter； but to produce a better in its place is a work extremely troublesome.”。

 

52. A，该句意为“作者视其母为最严格和最细心的老师”，对应A段的“She cared about me， and my intellectual life， even when I didn’t.Her expectations were high impossibly so. She was an English teacher. She was also my mother.”。

 

53. H，该句意为“作者从其母处得到的批评改变了作者的人格”，对应H段的“That was when true criticism， the type that changed me as a person， began.”。

 

54. J，该句意为“作者通过避免使用华而不实的语言慢慢地提升自己的作品”，

对应J段的“So I stopped shouting and bluffing，and slowly my writing improved.”。

 

55. G，该局意为“有建设性的评判能让作家在提升作品方面有一个好的开始”，

对应G段“Genuine criticism creates a precious opening for an author to 

become better on this own terms—a process that is often extremely painful， but also almost always meaningful.”。

 

仔细阅读：

 

56. A

 

此题难度不大，根据题干中的“Silicon Valley”可定位第一段，第一段尾句“is there something unique about it？”直接把答案引向第二段。精读第二段“it Wouldn’t be surprising if it were hard to reproduce in other countries”，可知该句与A选项“Its success is hard to copy anywhere else.”为同义替换关系，故选A，其他三项均为无中生有。

 

57. B

 

此题难度不大，根据题干中 “Miami”可定位至原文第五段，该段表明迈阿密只有有钱人，而缺少“痴迷于技术的人”，所以无法成为科技中心，该含义对应B选项，为统一替换关系，选项中的“the right kind of talents”替换了原文的

“nerds”。

 

58. A

 

此题难度不高，根据题干中的“Carnegie-Mellon”和“Stanford”，“Berkeley”，“MIT”容易定位到原文第六段，第六段段位抛出问题，所以顺势往第七段找

答案。第七段中详细描述了卡内基梅隆大学所在的匹兹堡的不同之处：“The weather is terrible”，“rich people don‘t want to live in Pittsburgh 

or Ithaca”，这些信息都指向了A选项，为高度概括关系。

 

59. D

 

该题难度较高，根据题干中的“Boston”可定位至原文的第七段。原文提到Boston的句子为“as there is in Boston”，as在这里表对比，意为“波士顿却有”，那么前文一定指出了匹兹堡没有某物，所以关键句在于具体是什么，故往前文查找，发现前文提到的是 “and there‘s no interesting old city to make up for it”，意思是匹兹堡不仅天气恶劣，而且也没有有趣的老城区，但是波士顿却与之相反，固选择D，表示“波士顿有着很多历史古迹”。

 

60. C

 

本题难度不高，根据核心名词概念“start up investors”可定位到原文最后一段，原文清晰地表述了，start up investors不仅能够提供资金帮助，还能提供很多建议，所以C选项“他们不仅能提供资金”是最好的答案，和原文关系为高度概括。

 

61. C

 

该题难度不大，根据“like-minded people”定位到首段，首段指出这类人可以给人信息并令人感到舒服，后面用“unfortunately”表转折，后面的表述“这种舒服会让你意识不到你可以扩大你的公司和事业”，对应C选项，同义替换。

 

62. B

 

本题不难。根据核心名词“leaders”定位到第三段，作者给leader的建议是“虽

然建立一个自由言论的环境不容易，但是俗话说灵感从争论中迸发”，意思是领导者需要建立这样能的环境，固选择B项，高度概括。

 

63. A

 

本题难度不大。根据关键信息“purpose of holding a debate”定位到原文倒数第三段，原文“objective”对应“purpose”，后面跟的即为答案：“is not to win but to get the truth that will allow you to move faster， farther，and better.”，对应A选项。

 

64. D

 

该题难度较大。根据关键信息“fierce debate”定位到原文倒数第二段，原文给出观点“用微笑和幽默表明这是一个友好的讨论，大家的目标都是一样的”，对应D选项，该题强干扰项为B，B选项中的“respect”容易让同学们产生好感从而错选

 

B，而实际上B选项错在“other‘s beliefs”上，原文并没有提到尊重他人的信念和观点，属于无中生有。

 

65. D

 

根据题干“rival”对应到最后一段的“sparring partners”，原文给出“让他们知道对他们的付出你很感激”，对应D选项“肯定他们的付出”，为同义替换关系。