第三十二章 正心--弘扬德行的最高境界
《诗》曰:“衣锦尚絧,恶其文之著也。故君子之道,暗然而日章;小人之道,的然而日亡。君子之道:淡而不厌,简而文,温而理,知远之近,知风之自,知微之显,可与入德矣。《诗》云:“潜虽伏矣,亦孔之昭!”故君子内省不疚,无恶于志。君子所不可及者,其唯人之所不见乎!《诗》云:“相在尔室,尚不愧于屋漏。”故君子不动而敬,不言而信。《诗》曰:“奏假无言,时靡有争。”是故君子不赏而民劝,不怒而民威于铁钺。《诗》曰:“不显惟德,百辟其刑之。”是故君子笃恭而天下平。《诗》曰:“予 怀明德,不大声以色。”子曰:“声色之于以化民,末也。”《诗》曰:“德輶如毛,毛犹有伦;“上天之载,无声无臭”,至矣!
It is said in the Book of Poetry, "Over her embroidered robe she puts a plain single garment," intimating a dislike to the display of the elegance of the former. Just so, it is the way of the superior man to prefer the concealment of his virtue, while it daily becomes more illustrious, and it is the way of the mean man to seek notoriety, while he daily goes more and more to ruin. It is characteristic of the superior man, appearing insipid, yet never to produce satiety; while showing a simple negligence, yet to have his accomplishments recognized; while seemingly plain, yet to be discriminating. He knows how what is distant lies in what is near. He knows where the wind proceeds from. He knows how what is minute becomes manifested. Such a one, we may be sure, will enter into virtue.
It is said in the Book of Poetry, "Although the fish sink and lie at the bottom, it is still quite clearly seen." Therefore the superior man examines his heart, that there may be nothing wrong there, and that he may have no cause for dissatisfaction with himself. That wherein the superior man cannot be equaled is simply this,-his work which other men cannot see.
It is said in the Book of Poetry, "Looked at in your apartment, be there free from shame as being exposed to the light of Heaven." Therefore, the superior man, even when he is not moving, has a feeling of reverence, and while he speaks not, he has the feeling of truthfulness.
It is said in the Book of Poetry, "In silence is the offering presented, and the spirit approached to; there is not the slightest contention." Therefore the superior man does not use rewards, and the people are stimulated to virtue. He does not show anger, and the people are awed more than by hatchets and battle-axes.
It is said in the Book of Poetry, "What needs no display is virtue. All the princes imitate it." Therefore, the superior man being sincere and reverential, the whole world is conducted to a state of happy tranquility.
It is said in the Book of Poetry, "I regard with pleasure your brilliant virtue, making no great display of itself in sounds and appearances." The Master said, "Among the appliances to transform the people, sound and appearances are but trivial influences. It is said in another ode, 'His Virtue is light as a hair.' Still, a hair will admit of comparison as to its size. 'The doings of the supreme Heaven have neither sound nor smell. 'That is perfect virtue."
THE END
【原文】
《诗》曰,“衣锦尚絅(1)。”恶其文之著也。故君子之道,暗然(2)而日章;小人之道,的然(3)而日亡。君子之道,淡而不厌,简而文,温而理,知远之近,知风之自,知微之显,可与人德矣。
《诗》云:“潜虽伏矣,亦孔之昭(4)!”故君子内省不疚,无恶于志。君于之所不可及者,其唯人之所不见乎?
《诗》云,“相在尔室,尚不愧于屋漏(5)。”故君子不动而敬,不言而信。
《诗》曰:“奏假无言,时靡有争(6)。”是故君子不赏而民劝,不怒而民威于鈇钺(7)。
《诗》曰:“不显惟德,百辟其刑之(8)。”是故君于笃恭而天下
《诗》云:“予怀明德,不大声以色(9)”子曰,“声色之于以化民,末也。”
《诗》曰:“德輶如毛(10)。”毛犹有(11),“上天之载,无声无臭(12)。”至矣!
【注释】
(1)衣锦尚絅:引自《诗经•卫风,硕人》。衣(yi),此处作动词用,指穿衣。锦,指色彩鲜艳的衣服。尚,加。絅(jiong),同“裟”,用麻布制的罩衣。(2)暗然:隐藏不露。(3)的(di)然,鲜明,显著。(4)潜虽伏矣,亦孔之昭:引自《诗经•小雅•正月》。孔,很。昭,《诗经》原作“沼”•昭、搁同,意为明显。(5)相在尔室,尚不愧于屋漏:引自《诗经•大雅•抑》。相,注视。屋漏,指古代室内西北角设小帐的地方。相传是神明所在,所以这里是以屋漏代指神明。不愧屋漏喻指心地光明,不在暗中做坏事,起坏念头。(6)奏假无言,时靡有争:引自。诗经•商颂•烈祖》。奏,进奉,假(ge),通“格”,即感通,指诚心能与鬼神或外物互相感应。靡(mi),没有,(7)鈇(fu)钺(yue):古代执行军法时用的斧子。(8)不显惟德,百辟其刑之:引自《诗经•周颂,烈文》。不显,“不”通”丕”,不显即大显。辟(bi),诸侯。刑,通“型”,示范,效法。(9)予怀明德,不大声以色:引自《诗经•大雅•皇矣》。声,号令。色,容貌。以,与。(10)德輶如毛:引自《诗经•大雅•杰民)。輶(you),古代一种轻便车,引申为轻,(11)伦:比。(12)上天之载,无声无臭:引自《诗经.大雅•文王》。臭(Xiou),气味。
【译文】
《诗经》说:“身穿锦绣衣服,外面罩件套衫。”这是为了避免锦衣花纹大显露,所以,君子的道深藏不露而日益彰明;个人的道显露无遗而日益消亡。君子的道,平淡而有意味,简略而有文采,温和而有条理,由近知远,由风知源,由微知显,这样,就可以进入道德的境界了。
《诗经》说:“潜藏虽然很深,但也会很明显的。”所以君子自我反省没有愧疚,没有恶念头存于心志之中。君于的德行之所以高于一般人,大概就是在这些不被人看见的地方吧?
《诗经》说:“看你独自在室内的时候,是不是能无愧于神明。”所以,君子就是在没做什么事的时候也是恭敬的,就是在没有对人说什么的时候也是信实的。
《诗经》说:“进奉诚心,感通神灵。肃穆无言,没有争执。”所以,君子不用赏赐,老百姓也会互相对勉;不用发怒,老百姓也会很畏惧。
《诗经》说,“弘扬那德行啊,诸侯们都来效法。”所以,君子笃实恭敬就能使天下太平。
《诗经》说:“我怀有光明的品德,不用厉声厉色。”孔子说:“用厉声厉色去教育老百姓,是最拙劣的行为。”
《诗经》说:“德行轻如毫毛。”轻如毫毛还是有物可比拟。“上天所承载的,既没有声音也没有气味。”这才是最高的境界啊!
【读解】
这种最高的境界就是空气的境界。
空气无声无色无味,谁也看不见听下到嗅不出,可是谁也离它不开。德行能到这种境界,当然是种仙至人了。可谁又能达到这种境界呢?就是孔圣人也未必就能达到吧。
所以还有次一等的境界,这就是“轻如毫毛”的境界。借用诗圣杜甫的诗,是“好雨知时节,当春乃发生。随风潜入夜,润物细无声”(《春夜喜雨》的境界。这种境界,和风细雨,沁人心脾而入人肺腑,使人在潜移默化中受到感化,这大概就是圣人的境界吧。
至于那种声色俱厉的疾风暴雨式的做法,那种强制性的劳动改造的方法,正如孔子所说:“末也!”已谈不上什么境界,不过是一种不得已而为之的手段罢了。
本章是《中庸》全篇的结尾,重在强调德行的实施。从天理到人道,从知到行,从理沦到实践,从”君子笃恭”到”天下平”,既回到与《大学》相呼应的人生进修阶梯之上,又撮取《中庸》全篇的宗旨而加以概括。各段文字,既有诗为证又引申发挥。难怪得朱熹要在《中庸章句》的末尾大发感叹:“这样反复叮咛以教人的用意是多么深切啊,后世学者难道可以不用心去钻研体会吗?”
的确也是如此啊!