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1.
掌握下列词与词组
1. unless
2. once
3. shut
4. mixture
5. rather
6. message
7. proper
8. electricity
9. allow
10. lively
11. experiment
12. request
13. finally
14. sadly
15. taste
16. oil
17. mix
18. finger
19. second
20. soap
21. cupboard
22. make sure
23. instead of
24. first of all
25. turn off
26. by the side of
27. on holiday
28. follow one's instructions
2. 复习表示“要求、命令、询问和请求”的句式
1. Follow your teacher's instructions.
2. Make sure (that) the electricity is turned
off and the windows are shut.
3. Do what he or she tells you to do.
4. What about when we leave?
5. Can / Could / Would / you please introduce
me to Mr. Green?
3.
掌握将表示命令和请求的句式变成间接引语的用法 |
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Secondary education in the USA
Secondary Education in the USA,
program of public education immediately
following elementary schooling. It begins
generally at the age of 12 to 14 and continues
from four to six years. Some types of secondary
education, such as vocational schooling, are
terminal and prepare the student for employment
upon graduation. Others lead to advanced
training in colleges, universities, or technical
schools. In the U.S., secondary education
includes the junior and senior high schools. In
many foreign countries, this level of education
often embraces the junior or community college
as well as the first two years of university
training. The purpose of secondary education is
to expand knowledge of subjects already studied,
including the systematic study of literature,
foreign languages, sciences, mathematics, social
studies, and other subjects essential for
physical and intellectual development and to
prepare students as future citizens. In some
countries, military training is also required.
Cooperative
Learning
The idea remains that students are merely
containers which a teacher fills with knowledge.
However, this way of teaching no longer works.
The teacher's role is no longer simply to feed
information to students. Facts are available in
books, on CD ROMS and on internet. What students
need is the skills to find this information.
Cooperative learning encourages responsibility,
patience and helpfulness towards others. In
cooperative learning classes, children do not
sit in straight rows of desks facing the
teacher, but rather face one another to make it
easier to share ideas. They learn to work first
in pairs, then in threes, and finally in teams
of four. Students are required to participate
actively in discussing and shaping their own
knowledge. The teacher, who is still very
important, becomes the helper rather than the
master. But cooperative learning is not merely
group work. Cooperative learning turns the
classroom from a competitive arena into a place
where learning facts and life skills are both
fun and effective for students and teachers
alike.
College
Life in the United States
Teachers at American colleges and
universities use many different teaching
methods. Some teachers give assignments every
day. They grade homework. Students in their
classes have to take many quizzes, a midterm
exam, and a final exam. Other teachers give only
writing assignments. Some teachers always follow
a course outline and usually use the textbook.
Others send the students to the library for
assignments.
The atmosphere in some classrooms is very
formal. Students call their teachers
“Professor Smith”, “Mrs. Hones,” and so
on. Some teachers wear business clothes and give
lectures. Other classrooms have an informal
atmosphere. Students and teacher discuss their
ideas. Teachers dress informally, and students
call them by their first names. American
teachers are not alike in their teaching styles.
At most American colleges and
universities, facilities for learning and
recreation are available to students. Students
can often use type-writers, tape recorders,
video machines, and computers at libraries and
learning centers. They can buy books, notebooks,
and other things at campus stores. They can get
advice on their problems from counselors and
individual help with their classes from tutors.
Students can relax and have fun on campus, too.
Some schools have swimming pools and tennis
courts. Most have snack bars or cafeterias. |
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[基础知识]
1. 词法
(1) once
[说明] once作连词用表示“一旦，只要”，引导表示暗示一种条件的从句。
例如：Once you understand the
rules of the game, you will enjoy it.
一旦你了解了游戏的规则，你就会喜欢它。
Once he is free, he will play
computer games.
只要他有空，他就玩游戏。
(2) unless
[说明] unless
作连词用引导条件状语从句，表示“如果不，除非……”，
相当于if…not的含义，但比if…not的语气要强。
例如：You will not succeed unless
you work hard.
(= You will not succeed if you don't
work hard.)
如果你不努力奋斗，你不会成功。
Unless you admit your mistake to him
yourself,
he will lose faith in you
completely.
除非你亲自向他承认错误，否则他会对你完全失去信心。
当unless引导的从句的主语与主句的主语相同时，unless后面的主语和动词有时可省略。
例如：Unless (he is ) in uniform,
he doesn't look like a policeman.
除非他穿着制服，他看起来不像警察。
He will not come unless (he is)
invited.
除非被邀请，否则他是不会来的。
(3) taste
[说明]taste作及物动词表示“尝，品尝”
“吃（饮食），吃出……”，后面直接＋名词。
作不及物动词表示“尝起来，感觉有……味道”。这时taste
的搭配形式是：
taste + adj. / taste of + n. / taste
like + n.
例如：Taste the coffee and see if
you like it.
尝尝这咖啡，看你喜欢不喜欢。
He has not tasted food for a whole
day.
他有一整天没吃东西了。
You can taste nothing when you have
a cold.
感冒时你什么味也吃不出来。
The meat tastes good.
这肉味道不错。
The water here tastes of earth.
这儿的水有土腥味。
They taste like oranges.
它们的味道像桔子。
(4) allow
[说明]allow作动词用表示“允许，让”。常用allow
sb. to do sth.
这一结构表示“允许某人做某事”。
它的被动形式是be allowed to
do sth.“被允许做某事。”
例如：My parents won't allow me
to stay out late.
我父母亲不允许我深夜呆在外边。
Children are not allowed to enter
the chemistry lab.
孩子们不允许进化学实验室。
(5) instead
[说明]instead是个副词，表示“代替”。
例如：I don't like coffee, give
me tea instead.
我不喜欢喝咖啡，给我茶好了。
She invited Peter to the party, but
his brother Bob came instead.
她请彼得参加聚会，但来的却是他的哥哥鲍勃。
instead of
是个介词词组，译为“代替……而不”。
表示前者代替后者，并带有否定后者的含意。
instead of后面可跟名词、代词、-ing形式或介词短语。
例如：Many young people like pop
songs instead of folk songs.
许多年轻人喜欢流行歌曲，而不喜欢民间歌曲。
I will go to see him instead of you.
我要去看他而不是看你。
They went swimming instead of
staying at home.
他们去游泳了而没呆在家里。
We went to the Summer Palace by bike
instead of by bus.
我们没有乘公共汽车，而是骑自行车去的颐和园。
(6) sure
[说明]sure 是形容词，表示“确信的，肯定无疑的”。
make sure表示“确定，查明，核实，弄清楚。”后跟that
从句或of sth.。
例如：I only came to make sure
that everything was all right.
我只是来弄清楚是否一切都顺利。
Make sure (that ) the windows are
shut and the door is
locked before you go to bed.
睡觉前看一下是否关好窗户锁了门。
We must make sure of the facts.
我们必须把事实搞清楚。
(7) rather
[说明]rather 作副词用，译为“相当，有点儿”。它既可用来修饰形容词，也可用来修饰副词。
例如：It is rather cold today.
今天有点儿冷。
He spoke English rather well.
他英语说得相当好。
此外rather可用来修饰比较级。
例如：He drives rather faster
than he ought.
他开车的速度比他正常的速度快得多。
当rather修饰名词，且名词前又有形容词来修饰时，我们可用
a + rather + adj. + n.或
rather + a / an + adj. + n.两种结构。
例如：It was a rather cold day. =
It was rather a cold day.
那是一个相当冷的日子。
[练习题]
1. _____ you understand the rule,
you will find it quite easy to keep.
A. As B. Once C.
While D. For
2. _____, let me introduce the
people sitting in the front.
A. First of all B.
Above all C. In all D. At all
3. His mother didn't _____ him to
go to the party, but he still went out.
A. let B. get C.
agree D. allow
4. He will die _____ the doctors
operate at once.
A. if B. but C.
because D. unless
5. ---Take this medicine, please.
---Do I have to? It tastes
______.
A. bitter B. terribly
C. badly D. well
2. 语法句法
(1)
复习表示命令和请求的句式：
祈使句的基本句型：
1) Do sth., (please ).
例如：Listen to me carefully,
please.
请认真听我讲。
2) Don't do sth.,（please）.
例如：Don't talk so loudly in
the library.
在图书馆里不要大声喧哗。
3) Let sb. do sth.
例如：Let's talk about the
pictures in English.
让我们用英语讨论这些图画。
表示请求的句型：
1) Will / Could / Would / Can you
please do sth.?
例如：Could you please show me
how to use the computer?
请您给我们讲讲怎样使用计算机好妈？
2) Would you mind doing sth.?
例如：Would you mind giving me
some more examples?
您能多给我举几个例子吗？
(2)
将表示命令和请求的句式变成间接引语：
1)
肯定祈使句的动词原形放在动词tell;ask;order等后面，并用不定式的肯定形式来表示。
即 tell / ask / order sb. to do
sth.
例如：“Tidy the lab after the
experiment”, the teacher said.
改成：The teacher told us to tidy
the lab after the experiment.
例如：“Could you please tell me
the way to the post office?” said the boy.
改成：The boy asked us to tell
him the way to the post office.
2)
否定祈使句的动词原形放在动词tell；
ask；order等后面，并用不定式的否定形式来表示。
即 tell / ask / order sb. not to do
sth.
例如：“Don't eat the cold food
”, my mother said.
改成：My mother told me not to
eat the cold food.
例如：“Please don't go to
school until you have no temperature”,
the doctor says to her.
改成：The doctor asked her not to
go to school until she had no temperature.
[练习题]
1. Let us do the experiment
ourselves, ______?
A. shall we B.
shan't we C. will you D. could you
2. Don't touch anything unless
your teacher _____.
A. tells you B.
tells you to C. tells you to do D.
will tell you to
3. Don't touch anything
without permission, ______.
A. will you B. won't
you C. do you D. don't you
4. ---Would you mind my
turning down the radio?
--- ______.
A. Yes, please B. Yes, you
would C. Of course not D. No, you don't
5. ____ to bring your umbrella
with you. It is sure to rain.
A. Don't forget B. Don't
forgetting C. Not forget D. Not to forget |
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[拓展知识]
1. 词法
(1) allow
[说明]allow
作及物动词时，除了可用allow sb. to do
sth.的形式外，还可直接跟名词、代词
或-ing形式。
例如：We don't allow smoking in
our house.
我们家里不允许吸烟。
We cannot stand by and allow such a
thing.
对这样的事我们不能袖手旁观。
(2) sure
[说明]sure 除了用作make sure外，还可用作下列结构：be
sure to do sth.表示说话人相信
所提到的人物“一定要，必然会……”；be
sure of (about ) sth. “自信，有把握”；
be sure + 从句，表示某人“认为
”、“确定”、“确信”某事的意思。
例如：He is sure to call you up.
他一定会给你打电话。
It is sure to rain.
肯定要下雨。
As we have been practising
regularly, we are sure of winning the game this
time.
我们一直在练习，这次有把握一定能获胜。
We are sure that he is right.
我们确信他是对的。
They were not sure whether he could
come or not.
他们不能肯定他是否能来。
(3) once
[说明]once除了作连词外，还可以用作名词，表示“一次”；
用作副词，表示“曾经、从前”。
例如：---How often do you go to
the cinema?
你常去看电影吗？
---Once a week.
一周一次。
This book was once famous, but
nobody reads it today.
这本书从前很有名，但现在没人看了。
I saw her once in Beijing, but
haven't seen her since.
我曾在北京见过她，以后就没有再见过她了。
除此而外once
还能构成许多词组：once again
再一次，at once 立即、马上、同时，
all at once 突然、忽然，once
in a while 偶尔、有时。
(4) taste
[说明] taste
除了可以用作动词外，还可以作名词，表示“味道”、“喜欢、嗜好”、“欣赏力”。
例如：I don't like the taste of
this cheese.
我不喜欢这奶酪的味道。
She has a taste for modern music.
她爱好现代音乐。
He shows good taste for music.
他的音乐欣赏力很强。
[练习题]
1. This film _____ worth seeing.
A. makes sure to be B.
makes sure of being
C. is sure to be D.
is sure of being
2. After finishing the chemistry
experiment, the teacher asked the students to
clean
the lab _____.
A. once B. at once
C. once in a while D. once again
3. He has a _____ for foreign
travel.
A. mind B. interest
C. taste D. habit
4. Though the big TV _____ room,
it gives better pictures.
A. takes up B. puts up
C. sets up D. holds up
5. --- Have you ever been to
Shanghai?
--- Yes, I _____ there once
when I was a child.
A. went B. have been
C. would go D. had gone
2. 语法句法
(1) make + n. + adj.
[说明]make + n. + adj.这一结构中的形容词作宾语补足语,
make 在这里译作“使……
成为”。这种句式表示“使……成为……的状态”的含意。
例如：His gifts made her very
happy.
他的礼物使她非常高兴。
The smell of cooking makes me
hungry.
炒菜的味道使我的肚子都觉得饿了。
(2) make + n. + do sth.
[说明] make + n. + adj.这一结构表示“使……做某事”的含意，含有强制的含意。
例如：The teacher made him
stay after school.
老师让他放学后留下。
Nothing will make me change my
mind.
无论什么事都不能使我改变主意。
注意：当这一句式用于被动式时，要将make
+ n. + do sth. 改成 n. + be made + to
do sth.
例如：I was made to repeat the
text once again.
我被要求又背了一遍课文。
He was made to leave school by
his father's death.
他父亲的去世使他不得不辍学。
[练习题]
1. I can hardly hear the radio.
Would you please ______?
A. turn it on B. turn
it down C. turn it up D. turn it off
2. Mrs. Smith told her son ______
after drinking.
A. never to drive B. to
never drive C. never driving D.
never drive
3. _____ it with me and I will
see what I can do.
A. When left B. Leave
C. If you leave D. When you leave
4. John was made _____ the
classroom for a week as a punishment（惩罚）。
A. to clean B. cleaning
C. clean D. to be cleaning
5. ---Please don't make the room
dirty.
---_____. We'll keep the room
as clean as possible.
A. Yes, I won't B. No, I
won't C. No, I will D. Yes, I will |
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