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1.
掌握下列词与词组
1. difficulty
2. pronounce
3. fall
4. medicine
5. however
6. reason
7. Europe
8. European
9. Indian
10. cookbook
11. explain
12. plan
13. wheel
14. western
15. mail
16. tape
17. pronunciation
18. ask …for
19. a great many
20. and so on
21. more or less
22. change……into
23. come about
24. bring in
25. the same as
2.
学习表示请求、询问等表示语言困难的句式
1. Pardon? Would you please say that again
more slowly?
2. I'm sorry I know only a little English.
3. I don't quite follow you.
4. How do you pronounce / spell the word?
5. I have some difficulty in pronouncing some
new words in English.
6. What does the word mean?
3. 学习直接引语和间接引语 |
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1
American English & British English
| American
English |
British
English |
Meaning |
| corn |
maize |
|
| eraser |
rubber |
|
| fall |
autumn |
|
| highway |
main road |
|
| mail |
post |
|
| motor |
engine |
|
| movie |
film |
|
| railway |
railroad |
|
| rest room |
public
toilet |
|
| sick |
ill |
|
| store |
shop |
|
| vacation |
holiday |
|
| gas |
petrol |
|
| faucet |
tap |
|
| lorry |
truck |
|
| subway |
underground |
|
| pants |
trousers |
|
| cookie |
biscuit |
|
| French
fries |
chips |
|
| line |
queue |
|
| trash/
garbage |
rubbish |
|
2 The United States
州简况汇总表
Names of
States
|
Area(sq.
km.)
|
Population
|
Capital
|
| Capital
|
|
|
Washington
D.C. |
| Maine
(Me.) |
86,029 |
1,125,000 |
Augusta |
| New
Hampshire(N.H.) |
24,097 |
921,000 |
Concord |
| Vermont
(Vt. ) |
24,887 |
511,000 |
Montpelier |
| Massachusetts
(Mass.) |
21,386 |
5,737,000 |
Boston |
| Connecticut
(Conn.) |
12,973 |
3,108,000 |
Hartford |
| Rhode
Island (R.I.) |
3,144 |
947,000 |
Providence |
| New York
State (N.Y.) |
128,402 |
17,557,000 |
Albany |
| Pennsylvania
(Pa. Penn.) |
117,412 |
11,867,000 |
Harrisburg |
| New Jersey
(N.J.) |
21,248 |
7,336,000 |
Trenton |
| Ohio ( O.) |
106,795 |
10,797,000 |
Columbus |
| Indiana
(Ind.) |
93,994 |
5,490,000 |
Indianapolis |
| Michigan
(Mich.) |
150,779 |
9,258,000 |
Lansing |
| Illinois
(Ill.) |
146,076 |
11,418,000 |
Springfield |
| Wisconsin
(Wis.) |
145,438 |
4,755,000 |
Madison |
| Minnesota
(Minn.) |
217,736 |
4,077,000 |
St. Paul |
| North
Dakota(N.D.) |
183,022 |
653,000 |
Bismarck |
| South
Dakota(S.D.) |
199,552 |
690,000 |
Pierre |
| Nebraska(Neb.) |
200,018 |
1,570,000 |
Lincoln |
| Iowa(Ia.) |
145,791 |
2,913,000 |
Des Moines |
| Kansas(Kan.) |
213,064 |
2,363,000 |
Topeka |
| Missouri(Mo.) |
180,487 |
4,917,000 |
Jefferson
City |
| Delaware(Del.) |
6,213 |
595,000 |
Dover |
| Maryland(md.) |
27,394 |
4,216,000 |
Annapolis |
| Virginia(Va.) |
105,711 |
5,346,000 |
Richmond |
| West
Virginia(W.Va.) |
62,890 |
1,950,000 |
Charleston |
| Kentucky(KY.) |
582,646 |
3,661,000 |
Frankfort |
| North
Carolina(N.C.) |
136,524 |
5,874,000 |
Raleigh |
| South
Carolina(S.C.) |
80,432 |
3,199,000 |
Columbia |
| Tennessee(Tenn.) |
109,412 |
4,591,000 |
Nashville |
| Georgia(Ga.) |
152,489 |
5,464,000 |
Atlanta |
| Alabama(Ala.) |
133,667 |
3,890,000 |
Montgomery |
| Mississippi(Miss.) |
123,584 |
2,521,000 |
Jackson |
| Florida(Fla.) |
151,670 |
9,740,000 |
Tallahassee |
| Louisiana(La.) |
125,675 |
4,204,000 |
Baton
Rouge |
| Texas(Tex.) |
692,563 |
14,228,000 |
Austin |
| Oklahoma(Okla.) |
181,090 |
2,559,000 |
Oklahoma
City |
| Arkansas(Ark.) |
137,539 |
2,286,000 |
Little
Rock |
| Colorado(Colo.) |
265,397 |
2,899,000 |
Denver |
| New
Mexico(N.M.) |
315,115 |
1,300.000 |
Santa Fe |
| Arizona(Ariz.) |
295,024 |
2,718,000 |
Phoenix |
| Utah(Ut.) |
219,932 |
1,461,000 |
Salt lake
City |
| Nevada(Nev.) |
286,299 |
799,000 |
Carson
City |
| Wyoming(Wyo.) |
253,597 |
471,000 |
Cheyenne |
| Montana(Mont.) |
381,087 |
787,000 |
Helena |
| Idaho(Ida.) |
216,413 |
944,000 |
Boise |
| California(Calif.) |
411,015 |
23,669,000 |
Sacramento |
| Oregon(Ore.) |
251,181 |
2,633,000 |
Salem |
| Washington(Wash.) |
176,617 |
4,130.000 |
Olympia |
| Alaska(Alas.) |
1,518,766 |
400,000 |
Juneau |
| Hawaii(hi.) |
16,638 |
965,000 |
Honolulu |
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HISTORY OF
AMERICAN ENGLISH
American English, is the English language
spoken in the United States. Although all
Americans do not speak the same way, their
speech has enough in common that American
English can be recognized as a variety of
English different from British English,
Australian English, and other national
varieties. American English, which shows many
influences from the different cultures and
languages of the people who settled in North
America, has grown up with the country. It began
to diverge from British English during its
colonial beginnings and got regional differences
and ethnic flavor during the settlement of the
continent. Today it influences other languages
and other varieties of English because it is the
medium by which the attractions of American
culture --- its literature, motion pictures, and
television programs are transmitted to the
world.
CHARACTERISTICS OF
AMERICAN ENGLISH
All speakers of English share a common
linguistic system and a basic set of words. But
American English differs from British English,
Australian English, and other national varieties
in many of its pronunciations, words, spellings,
and grammatical structures.
Pronunciation In broad terms, Canadian
and American speakers tend to sound like one
another. They also tend to sound different from
a large group of English speakers who sound more
British, such as those in Australia, New
Zealand, and South Africa. For example, most
Canadians and Americans pronounce an “r”
sound after the vowel in words like barn, car,
and farther, while speakers from the British
English group do not. Also, some British English
speakers drop “h” sounds at the beginning of
words, so that he and his are pronounced as if
they were spelled “ee” and is. The English
spoken in Australia, New Zealand, and South
Africa sounds more like British English than
American English does because these varieties
have had less time to diverge from British
English. The process of separate development
began later in these countries than in North
America.
Words The most frequently used words are
shared by speakers of different varieties of
English. These words include the most common
nouns, the most common verbs, and most function
words (such as pronouns, articles, and
prepositions). The different varieties of
English do, however, use different words for
many words that are slightly less common, for
example, British crisps for American potato
chips, Australian billabong for American pond,
and Canadian chesterfield for American sofa. It
is even more common for the same word to exist
with different meanings in different varieties
of English. Corn is a general term in Britain,
for which Americans use grain, while corn in
American English is a specific kind of grain.
The word pond in British English usually refers
to an artificial body of water, whereas ponds
also occur naturally in North America. British
English chemist is the same as American English
drugstore, and in Canada people go to the
druggist. Many of the words most easily
recognized as American in origin are associated
with aspects of American popular culture, such
as gangster or cowboy.
Spelling American English spelling
differs from British English spelling largely
because of one man, American lexicographer Noah
Webster. In addition to his well-known American
Dictionary of the English Language (1828),
Webster published The American Spelling Book
(1783, with many subsequent editions), which
became one of the most widely used schoolbooks
in American history. Webster's books sought to
standardize spelling in the United States by
promoting the use of an American language that
intentionally differed from British English.
Webster's most successful changes were spellings
with or instead of “our” (honor, labor for
the British honour, labour); with “er”
instead of “re” (center, theater for the
British centre, theatre); with an “s”
instead of a “c” (defense, license for the
British defence, licence); with a final “ck”
instead of “que” (check, mask for the
British cheque, masque); and without a final
“k” (traffic, public, now also used in
British English, for the older traffick,
publick). Later spelling reform created a few
other differences, such as program for British
programme. Canadian spelling varies between the
British and American forms, more British in
eastern Canada and more American in western
Canada.
Grammar One major difference between
British and American English is that the two
attach different verb forms to nouns that are
grammatically singular but plural in sense. In
American English, the team is, or the government
is (because they are viewed as single entities),
but in British English, the team are, or the
government are (because teams and government are
understood to consist of more than one person).
Sometimes function words are used differently:
The British stay in hospital but Americans stay
in the hospital.
INFLUENCE OF AMERICAN ENGLISH
Most people around the world who learn English
as a second language learn either American
English or British English. The worldwide use of
English began when Britain created a worldwide
empire. Today, most people who learn English as
a foreign language still learn British English.
This happens because Britain has had a
longstanding interest in teaching English and
has publishers and institutions in place to
promote it. American English is taught more and
more, however, because of the worldwide success
of American business and technology. This
success also leads speakers of British English
--- even in England --- to adopt many
Americanisms. English has truly become a world
language in science and business, and over time
it will come to have more of an American English
sound.
* The United States
Official name:
United States of America.
Form of government: federal republic with two
legislative houses (Senate; House of
Representatives).
Head of state and government: President.
Capital: Washington, D.C.
Official language: none.
Official religion: none.
Monetary unit: 1 dollar (U.S.$) = 100 cents;
valuation (Sep. 25th, 1998) 1 U.S.$ = ￡0.59; 1
￡ = U.S.$1.70.
*United Kingdom
Official
name: United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Northern Ireland.
Form of government: constitutional monarchy with
two legislative houses (House of Lords; House of
Commons).
Chief of state: Sovereign.
Head of government: Prime Minister.
Capital: London.
Official language: English.
Official religion: Churches of England and
Scotland established (protected by the state,
but not “official”) in their respective
countries; no established church in Northern
Ireland or Wales.
Monetary unit: 1 pound sterling (￡) = 100 new
pence; valuation (Sep. 25th, 1998) 1 ￡ =
U.S.$1.70; 1 U.S.$ = ￡0.59.
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[基础知识]
1. 词法
(1) medicine
[说明] medicine作名词使用既可以表示“药”也可以表示“医学”、“内科学”。
例如：This is a good medicine for
a cough.
这是治疗咳嗽的良药。
He studies medicine in the States.
他在美国攻读医学。
(2) ask
[说明]ask作动词使用可以表示“问、询问”。ask
for 表示“需要”；“要求得到”；
ask sb. for表示“向某人要（某物）”；“请求给予”。
例如：Please ask the teacher if
you have any questions.
如果你有问题请问老师。
He sat down and asked for a cup of
coffee.
他坐下要了一杯咖啡。
They all asked for the job.
他们都要求做这个工作。
Why don't you go and ask her for
help?
你为什么不找她帮忙？
I don't want to ask my parents for
money any more.
我不想再跟我父母亲要钱了。
(3) a great many
[说明]a great many是美语的一种表达方式，它也可写成a
good many。它的含意相当于a
large number of “许多；相当多”。像
many一样， a great / good many ; a large
number of
都是用来修饰可数名词的。
例如：We have lived here a good
many years.
我们在这儿已经住了许多年了。
I have a great many things to do
today.
今天我有许多事要做。
A large number of books are lent at
the library every day.
图书馆每天借出大量的书。
(4 ) come about
[说明]come about
是个动词短语，作“发生”（happen）解。
例如：How did the accident come
about?
这个事故是怎样发生的？
Do you know how the phrase came
about?
你知道这个成语是怎样产生的？
(5) bring in
[说明] bring in 是个动词短语,
表示“带进来”、“请进来”；还可以表示“赚得”、“有收入”。
例如：Bring the washing in; it
looks like to rain.
把洗好的衣服拿进来，好像要下雨了。
Our school has brought in a foreign
teacher to teach us spoken English.
学校请了一位外籍教师来教我们英语口语。
He brings in an extra hundred
dollars a month from his new job.
他的新工作使他每月多赚100美元。
This will bring them in several
thousand yuan.
这将使他们得到几千元的收入。
(6) practise
[说明] 在英国英语中practise是及物动词，作“练习”解。practice是名词。
在美国英语中practice既可作名词；又可作动词。作动词解时后面的宾语可以是名词、
代词或-ing形式。但不能跟to
do 的形式。
例如：On the playground some
children are practising gymnastics.
操场上许多孩子们在练体操。
They often practise speaking English
among themselves.
他们经常互相练习说英语。
(7) stay
[说明]stay不仅可作动词表示“待”、“留”、“（暂）住”；还可作系动词表示“保持（某种
状态）”。这时它后面常跟形容词作表语。
例如：He is only staying until
tomorrow evening.
他只待到明天晚上。
They insisted that I stay for
supper.
他们一定留我吃晚饭。
The shop stays open till eight
o'clock.
商店开到8点。
I stayed awake throughout the stormy
night.
那个暴风雨的夜晚我彻夜未眠。
[练习题]
1. Her mother asked her _______ the
piano every day.
A. practise playing B. to
practise playing
C. to practise to play D.
practising to play
2. _____ work has been done to
improve the workers' working condition.
A. A good many B. A great
many C. A large number of D. A lot
of
3. All the passengers were ______
wounded in the accident.
A. here and there B. more
and more C. more or less D. once in
a while
4. I hope the weather will ______
fine until the weekend.
A. stay B. get C.
turn D. become
5. They supply these things to the
market and _____ a little extra income.
A. come about B. bring in
C. ask for D. find out
2． 语法句法
(1) 直接引语变间接引语
直接引语指的是直接引用别人的原话,一般放在引号内。间接引语指的是用自己的话
转述别人或自己说过的话。直接引语变间接引语要注意以下几点：
时态变化：1)
当主句的时态是一般现在时或一般将来时时，从句的时态一般不变。
2)
当主句的时态是过去时时，从句的时态变化如下：
1.
一般现在时改过去时。
2.
一般过去时改过去完成时。
3.
一般将来时改过去将来时。
4.
现在进行时改过去进行时。
5.
现在完成时改过去完成时。
人称变化：1.
第一人称改成和主句相同的人称。
2.
第二人称改成第一人称。
3.
第三人称不变。
指示代词变化：1. this 改成that.
2.these改成those
.
时间和地点状语变化：1.now改成then.
2.today改成
that day.
3.
tomorrow改成the next day.
4. ago改成before.
5.
yesterday 改成the day before.
6.here改成there.
1) 当转述陈述句时，用say /
said + that 引导宾语从句。
从句中的人称和时态等要作相应的变化。
例如: “ I am going to the market
tomorrow,” said my mother. (直接引语)
My mother said that she was going to
the market the next day. (间接引语)
2)
当转述特殊疑问句时，由原疑问代词或副词引导宾语从句，语序要用陈述形式。
从句中的人称和时态等要作相应的变化。
例如：He said, “What did you do
yesterday?” (直接引语)
He asked me what I had done the day
before. (间接引语)
3)
当转述一般疑问句时，要用if或whether来引导宾语从句，改用陈述语序。
从句中的人称和时态等要作相应的变化。
例如: “ Will you come to the
lecture this afternoon?” Tom said to Mike. (直接引语)
Tom asked Mike if he would go to the
lecture that afternoon. (间接引语)
4)
当转述祈使句时，我们常改用“ask /
tell /order / want 等+ 宾语 + 不定式”
的句式。
例如：The teacher said, “Don't
speak freely in the class.” (直接引语)
The teacher told us not to speak
freely in the class. (间接引语)
“ Mum, please turn on the
radio,” said Jane. (直接引语)
Jane asked her mum to turn on the
radio. (间接引语)
(2) sb. have / find some / any / no
difficulty (in) doing sth.
[说明] sb. have / find some / any
/ no difficulty (in) doing sth.
这一句式结构表示“某人在某些方面有
（没有）困难”。
例如：I had / found great
difficulty (in) doing the work.
我做那项工作很吃力。
Do you have any difficulty (in)
understanding spoken English?
你听懂英语有困难吗？
We had no difficulty (in) finding
the house.
我们毫不费劲地找到了那所房子。
除此我们也可以说sb. have /
find some / any / no difficulty with sth.
例如: He said he had some
difficulty with English pronunciation.
他说他的英语发音有些困难。
[练习题]
1. If you have any difficulty
_____ the machine by yourself, you can ask for
Mr.Smith.
A. fix B. to fix
C. fixing D. fixed
2. They asked him _______.
A. how did the accident
come about B. how the accident came about
C.when the accident comes
about D. when will the accident come
about
3. Can you tell me ______ the
post office?
A. how I can get to B.
how can I get to
C. where I can get to D.
where can I get to
4. He asked me _____ that book
was Susan's ____ Lily's.
A. if…or B.
if…and C. whether…or D.
whether…and
5. ---What did the teacher
say? I didn't quite follow her.
--- She asked us whether
we ______to America next fall.
A.went B. had been
C. will go D. would go |
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[拓展知识]
1. 词法
(1) a great / good deal of
[说明] a great / good deal of
也表示“许多 ”、“大量的”，但它修饰的是不可数名词。
例如：I have spent a great / good
deal of money on stamp collecting.
我在集邮上花了很多钱。
She seems to have a great / good
deal of pain.
她好像很痛苦。
除此a great deal
可用作状语，修饰形容词，特别是比较级，表示“非常”、“……得多”；
也可以修饰动词，表示“很多”。
例如：A plane is a great deal
faster than a train.
飞机比火车快多了。
We see each other a great deal.
我们经常见面。
(2) the same
[说明]same 是形容词，在same之前总要加定冠词the。the
same…as 表示“和……相同”。
例如：My shoes are the same as
yours.
我的鞋和你的相同。
He has made the same mistake as last
time.
他犯了和上次相同的错误。
但值得注意的是：当我们表示“同一件事物”时，我们要用the
same…that这一搭配；因为
the same …as指的是“同种类的事物”。请比较下列句子：
This is the same wallet that I lost
a week ago.
这就是我一周前丢的钱包。
This is the same wallet as I lost a
week ago.
这和我一周前丢的钱包一样。
[练习题]
1. I am not sure about the
expression. Could you please explain it _____ me
again?
A. for B. to C.
about D. with
2. Would you please _____ so much
noise here?
A. not make B. not to
make C. don't make D. won't make
3. He goes to the same university
_____ his father did.
A. like B. that C.
as D. where
4. He runs ______ faster than any
other student in his school.
A. very B. quite C.
a good number D. a good deal
5. You should work out the
problem ______ the same way as your teacher
does.
A. with B. on C.
by D. in
2． 语法句法
(1) When do you take your next exams?
你什么时候参加下一次的考试？
[说明]句中用一般现在时表示将来发生的动作。相当于When
will you take your next
exam?当我们谈到“计划好、安排好的事或按时刻表将要发生的事”时，我们可以用一般现在时
表示将来时。
例如：The new school year starts
on the September 1.
新学年开始是在九月一日。
What time does the train leave for
Shanghai?
开往上海的火车几点开车？
(2) There be difference in sth. between
…. / A and B be different in sth. .
[说明]
这两个句型都可以表示“两者在某方面不同”。
例如：There isn't any difference
in structure between the two machines.
这两台机器的结构没有任何区别。
There is no much difference in price
between the two computers.
这两种计算机价格没多大区别。
British English and American English
are more or less different in spelling.
英国英语和美国英语在拼写方面多少有些不同。
(3) A be different from B.
[说明]这一句型表示 “前者不同于后者”。
例如：My opinion is different
from yours.
我的观点和你的不一样。
City life is very different from
country life.
城市生活和乡村生活大不相同。
[练习题]
1. The teacher told us that there
were many differences ______ British
English and American English.
A. in B. with C.
about D. between
2. I think American English is a
little ______ British English.
A. different from B.
difference from C. difference in D.
different with
3. Do you know _____ he thinks will
give us a talk?
A. who B. whom C.
that D. whether
4. Henry broke the window. I'll ask
him why ______.
A. did he do that B. he
did that C. he did D. he has done so
5. Jim said he _____ to Canada on
holiday before.
A. has been B. had gone
C. had been D. didn't go |
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