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[基础知识]
1. 词法
(1) improve
[说明]作及物动词时，是“改进”，“更新”的意思。
例如：He gave me some advice on
how to improve my English.
他就如何提高我的英语水平给我提了一些建议。
Their life has been much
improved because of the new policy.
由于新政策他们的生活有了很大的改善。
(2) waste
[说明]作名词时，作“浪费，徒耗，废物”解，可以和不定冠词连用，没有复数形式。
例如：Waste can be made useful
again.
废物可以再次利用。
It's a waste of money to buy
such an expensive fur coat.
买这么贵的皮衣是一种浪费。
作动词时，作“浪费，未充分利用”解。
例如：Don't waste time (in)
chatting, you should try to make use of it.
别把时间浪费在聊天上，你应该好好利用它。
We mustn't waste any more
time or money on useless things.
我们千万不要再浪费时间和金钱做无用的事了。
(3) go up
[说明] “上涨，上升”的意思，是不及物动词，不能用于被动语态。
例如：I believe the price of the
fruit might go up next week because the Spring
Festival is coming.
我相信下周水果的价钱要上涨，因为春节快到了。
Do you think the seawater is
going up year by year?
你认为海水会逐年上涨吗？
(4) bring down
[说明]“降低，减少”，“使……落下”的意思，是及物动词。
例如：Many large companies in
China have brought down the price of TV.
中国的许多大公司下调了电视的价格。
You have got a high fever.
Taking this medicine can help to bring your
temperature down.
你在发高烧，吃这种药能降低你的体温。
(5) get sb to do sth
[说明]作“让／使某人做某事”解。这一结构中的
get 是使役动词。作“使”，“请”，“让”解。
例如：After writing this letter,
I got my brother to post it.
写完这封信，我让我弟弟去寄了。
You should get your friends
to help you when you are in difficulties.
当你遇到困难的时候，你可以让朋友来帮你。
(6) record
[说明]作动词时，应注意其读音 ，是“记录，记载，对……录音”的意思。
例如：Mum used to record every
penny she spent.
妈妈过去常常记下她所花的每一分钱。
I must be off, please record
what the teacher says.
我必须走了，请记录下老师说的内容。
作名词时，是“保持……记录，记录……”的意思。
例如：Keep a record of the
mistakes you often make in your exam.
记录下你考试中经常犯的错。
Mother told his son to keep a
record of how much he spent.
妈妈让儿子记录下他花了多少钱。
(7) thanks to
[说明]是“幸亏，多亏，亏得，由于，因为”的意思。它引导的短语可表达正面意义（近乎于感
谢），也可用于讽刺口吻（近乎于讽刺口吻的“感谢”）。
例如：Thanks to your help, I
finished doing this work on time.
多亏你的帮忙，我按时完成了这项工作。
We went the long way, thanks
to your rotten idea.
由于你的馊主意，我们跑了不少冤枉路。
Thanks to the new policy, we
are now having a happy life.
多亏了新的政策，我们才能过上幸福的生活。
(8) take up
[说明] “占据，占用（时间或空间）”。
例如：A piano takes up too much
room.
一架钢琴占了很大的空间。
He is very lazy, and sleeping
took up much of his spare time.
他很懒，睡觉占了很多业余时间。
[练习题]
1. Mr Wang kept _____ all his students,
though he had retired.
A. a record B. the record
C. a record from D. a record of
2. The price _____ . I think people will
buy a lot of things in the shops to improve their
living conditions.
A. went down B. will go down
C. has gone down D. was going down
3. This new type of computer is too
expensive for me. I hope they can _____ the price.
A. bring down B. go up C.
take up D. going down
4. Important people don't often have much
free time as their work _____ all their time.
A. takes away B. takes over
C. takes up D. takes in
5. _____ your help, my spoken English has
been improved a lot.
A. Thanks for B. Thanks a lot
C. Because of D. Thanks to
2. 语法句法
(1) till/ until
[说明]可以作介词、连词
(1)
用于肯定句，常与延续性动词连用，表示动作持续到某时，意为“直到……时候”。
例如：We have to wait until/ till
the rain stops.
我们不得不等到雨停。
He did his homework until/
till 12 o'clock last night.
他昨晚一直工作到12点。
(2) not … until … 作“直到……才”解。其主句的谓语动词是瞬间性动词。
例如：You can't leave until you
have finished your homework.
直到你完成作业才能离开。
He didn't see me until I
waved to him.
直到我冲他挥手，他才看见我。
You can't open your eyes
until I have counted 20.
直到我数到20，你才能睁开眼睛。
(2) 现在完成时的被动语态
现在完成时的被动语态是由“have/
has been+ 过去分词构成的”。
例如：He has been sent to study
the new technology in the company.
他已经被派往这家公司去学习新技术。
Great changes have taken
place in the city, and a lot of buildings have
been set
up.
这个城市发生了巨大的变化，已经建成了许多高楼。
Have pandas been protected
in our country?
在我们国家熊猫已经得到保护了吗？
How many shopping centers
have been built in the city?
这个城市已经建造了多少座购物中心？
[练习题]
1. Do you know how many people _____
(send) to build the expressway from Beijing to
Shanghai?
2. This is a photo of the largest power
station that _____ (build) in Changjing.
3. All the preparations for the task
_____ (complete), shall we start now?
4. When Susan returned home, she found
everything in the room _____ (take) away.
5. In the past many school girls _____
(keep) away from school because their parents
could not afford them to go to school.
[拓展知识]
1. 词法
(1) information, news, message
的区别。
[说明] information作“信息”解，通常指在阅读、观察、谈话或书信往来中特别关注的消息、情报、
资料等。它侧重内容，是不可数名词。例如：
They must find out some
information about planes to Yunnan as
quickly as possible.
他们必须尽快找到有关去往云南班机的资料。
The students went to the
National Library to look up the
information they needed.
学生们去国家图书馆找他们所需要的资料。
news作“新闻”解，一般指通过广播、电视、报纸等新闻媒体向大众发布的社会各方面的最新消息，
它侧重一个“新”字，是不可数名词。
例如：There's a piece of
interesting news in today's newspaper.
在今天的报纸上有一条有趣的消息。
No news is good news.
没消息就是好消息。
message作“音信”解，一般指口头传递的或书写的“消息”，是可数名词。
例如：I'll leave a message on his
desk.
我会在他桌子上留个字条。
Can I take a message?
我可以捎个口信吗？
(2) believe
[说明]
(1) believe作“相信，认为”解，其后可跟名词、代词、不定式的复合结构或跟名词性从句。
例如：Everybody believed her to
be right.
大家都认为她是对的。
The news can't be true.
It's hard for us to believe.
这个消息不可能是真的，真令人难以相信。
I believe what that man
says.
我相信那个人所说的话。
(2) believe
可用于另一种结构，由先行词 it
和以 that
引导的从句构成，这种结构主要用于
正式文体。
例如：It is believed that at
least a score of buildings were damaged or
destroyed in the
earthquake.
据信在地震中至少有二十座楼房遭到破坏或彻底摧毁。
(3) at one time
[说明]1. at one time 作“曾经、一度”，“先前、以前”解，常与过去时连用，位于句首，用逗号与句子
分开。
例如：At one time, I went out
for a walk after supper.
以前，我晚饭后去散步。
They hated each other at
one time. Now they have cleared up the
misunderstanding.
他们一度互相仇恨，但现在冰释前嫌。
at a time
每一次、一次；在某个时刻
at no time 决不
at other time
在另外一些场合中
at the same time 同时
at that time 在那时
at times 有时，不时。
例如：You can't come in at the
same time. Two at a time.
你们不能同时都进来，每次两个。
I couldn't hear what the
actors were saying because two men next to
me were
talking all the time.
我听不到演员们说的话，是由于后边的两个人一直说个不停。
A boy was killed by a
falling stone. At that time he was looking
after the sheep at the
foot of the hill.
一个男孩被掉下来的石头砸死。当时他正在山脚下放羊。
[练习题]
1. We usually eat at home, but _____
they eat at a nearby restaurant. Because
the food
there tastes delicious.
A. some times B. at times
C. at one time D. at that time
2. Do you think the students whose
English is poor will fail in the final
exam?
_____.
A. I don't believe B. I
don't believe it
C. I believe not so D. I
believe not
3. I don't have enough money to buy the
car. Can you try to _____ them to bring
down the price?
A. make B. have C. get
D. let
4. The trousers are a bit larger. Will
you please change it _____ a smaller
_____.
A. to; pair B. with; it
C. for ;pair D. into; one
5. Although time was changed, Bill
_____ was Bill.
A. but B. and C. still
D. or
2. 语法句法
(1) We must decide which one to buy.
[说明]这句话还可以说成：We
must decide which one we shall buy. “疑问词＋不定式”结构，相当
于疑问词连接的从句，在句中作主语、宾语和表语。疑问词有how,
what, when, where,
which等，作宾语时常用于decide,
wonder, know, ask, tell, show, understand等动词后。
例如：We haven't decided where
we should go for dinner tonight. Can you
give us some
advice?
我们还没有决定今晚在哪儿吃晚餐。你能给我们一些建议吗？
I'm a stranger here. Can
you tell me how to get to the Beijing Zoo?
我是一个外地人，你能告诉我怎么去北京动物园吗？
I don't know how to run the
machine, and I really don't know what to
do next.
我不知道如何操作这个机器，我真的不知道下一步该怎么做？
There were so many toys
that the boy didn't know which to choose.
有这么多玩具以致于小男孩不知道该选哪一个。
(2) although/ though 的区别
[说明]
1. 作连词时意思为“尽管、虽然”，用来引导让步状语从句，一般位于句首。它所引导的从句不能与
并列连词 but, and,
so 等连用，但可以与 yet, still等词连用。
例如：Although it was expensive,
we still decided to buy it.
虽然它很贵，我还是决定买。
Though we only stay there
for a few days, we had a good time.
虽然我们只在这里呆了几天，但我们玩的很愉快。
2. though除了作连词外，还可以作副词，作“可是，然而”；而
although 不行。
例如：It was hard work; I
enjoyed it, though.
这是个艰苦的工作，然而我喜欢。
[练习题]
1. I like the new watch, _____ I
decided to buy it _____ it was a little
expensive.
A. and; though B. and; so
C. but; and D. but; although
2. _____ the sports meeting might be
put off because of the heavy rain.
A. I've been told B. I've
told C. I'm told D. I told
3. A number of buildings _____ in my
hometown in the recent years.
A. were built B. had been
built C. have been built D.
has been built
4. I really can't decide _____, the
green one or the red one, but I have to
make the
decision today.
A. what to buy B. which to
buy C. to buy which D. to buy
5. Don't get off the bus until it
_____.
A. has stopped B. stopped
C. stops D. shall stop |
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