2003年英译汉试题
Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the
underlined segmentssintosChinese. Your translation should be written clearly
on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)
Human beings in all times and places think about their world and wonder at
their place in it. Humans are thoughtful and creative, possessed of
insatiable curiosity. 61) Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the
environment in which they live, thus subjecting all other life forms to
their own peculiar ideas and fancies. Therefore, it is important to study
humans in all their richness and diversity in a calm and systematic manner,
with the hope that the knowledge resulting from such studies can lead humans
to a more harmonious way of living with themselves and with all other life
forms on this planet Earth.
"Anthropology" derives from the Greek words anthropos "human" and logos
"the study of." By its very name, anthropology encompasses the study of all
humankind.
Anthropology is one of the social sciences. 62) Social science is that
branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their
endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner
that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.
Social science disciplines include geography, economics, political
science, psychology, and sociology. Each of these social sciences has a
subfield or specialization which lies particularly close to anthropology.
All the social sciences focus upon the study of humanity. Anthropology is
a field-study oriented discipline which makes extensive use of the
comparative method in analysis. 63) The emphasis on data gathered
first-hand, combined with a cross-cultural perspective brought to the
analysis of cultures past and present, makes this study a unique and
distinctly important social science.
Anthropological analyses rest heavily upon the concept of culture. Sir
Edward Tylor's formulation of the concept of culture was one of the great
intellectual achievements of 19th century science. 64) Tylor defined culture
as "... that complex whole which includes belief, art, morals, law, custom,
and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of
society." This insight, so profound in its simplicity, opened up an entirely
new way of perceiving and understanding human life. Implicit within Tyler's
definition is the concept that culture is learned, shared, and patterned
behavior.
65) Thus, the anthropological concept of "culture," like the concept of
"set" in mathematics, is an abstract concept which makes possible immense
amounts of concrete research and understanding.
翻译题解：
61) Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in
which they live, thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar
ideas and fancies.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分为两段：Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the
environment in which they live, / thus subjecting all other life forms to
their own peculiar ideas and fancies.
第二、句子的结构是：
1)这是个主句+分词短语表示伴随状态的结构：humans have the ability to modify... thus subjecting
...
2) the environment in which they live是先行词+定语从句。
第三、词的处理：
modify the environment in which they live 改变他们的生存环境
subjecting all other life forms to 让所有其它形态的生命服从……
完整的译文：
61)而且，人类还有能力改变自己的生存环境，从而使所有其它形态的生命服从人类自己独特的想法和想像。
考点总结：1)不定式短语做定语；2)介词+定语从句；3)分词短语表示伴随状态。
62) Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to
study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic,
and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural
phenomena.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分为四段：Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry / which
seeks to study humans and their endeavors / in the same reasoned, orderly,
systematic, and dispassioned manner / that natural scientists use for the
study of natural phenomena.
第二、句子的主干结构是：
主句+ which引导的定语从句+方式状语(in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and
dispassioned manner)+定语从句。
第三、词的处理：
Social science 社会科学
intellectual enquiry 知识探究
humans and their endeavors 人类及其行为
reasoned 理性的
orderly 有序的
systematic 系统的
dispassioned 冷静的
natural phenomena 自然现象
完整的译文：
62)社会科学是知识探索的一个分支，它力图像自然科学家研究自然现象那样，用理性的、有序的、系统的和冷静的方式研究人类及其行为。
考点总结：1)定语从句；2)方式状语；3)多重并列定语。
63) The emphasis on data gathered first-hand, combined with a
cross-cultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and
present, makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分为四段：The emphasis on data gathered first-hand, / combined with a
crosscultural perspective / brought to the analysis of cultures past and
present, / makes this study a unique and distinctly important social
science.
第二、句子的结构是：
1)主干结构是一个简单句：The emphasis..., combined with..., makes this study a unique
and distinctly important social science.
2)主语后面带有on data gathered first-hand是主语的定语，combined
with相当于and的意思，是对主语内容的补充，perspective可以理解成主语的并列成分，brought to the analysis of
cultures past and present是perspective的定语。其中past and present是cultures的定语。
第三、词的处理：
The emphasis翻译时词性转换成动词
data gathered first-hand搜集的第一手资料
combined with加上，(这个短语不影响主语的数的变化)
a cross-cultural perspective跨文化视角
this study这一研究
完整的译文：
63)强调搜集第一手资料，加上在分析过去和现在的文化形态时采用跨文化视角，使这一研究成为一门独特并且非常重要的社会科学。
考点总结：1)带有多重修饰成分的简单句；2)过去分词短语做定语；3)复合宾语结构4)词性转换。
64) Tylor defined culture as "... that complex whole which includes
belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits
acquired by man as a member of society."
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分为三段：Tylor defined culture as "... that complex whole / which
includes belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and
habits / acquired by man as a member of society."
第二、句子的结构是：
1)主干结构是：Tylor defined culture as "...that complex
whole..."其中whole是“整体”的意思。后面是一个很长的定语从句，翻译时可以和先行词拆开。
2)which引导的定语从句中有多重并列宾语，acquired by man as a member of society是宾语的定语。
第三、词的处理：
Tylor人名，按照音译
defined culture as 将文化定义为
that complex whole 一个复合体
belief 信仰
morals 道德
man as a member of society 人作为社会成员
完整的译文：
64)泰勒把文化定义为“一个复合体”，它包括人作为社会成员所获得的信仰、艺术、道德、法律、风俗以及其它能力和习惯。
考点总结：1)定语从句；2)过去分词短语做定语；3)多重并列宾语。
65) Thus, the anthropological concept of "culture," like the concept of
"set" in mathematics, is an abstract concept which makes possible immense
amounts of concrete research and understanding.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分为四段：Thus, the anthropological concept of "culture," like the
concept of "set" in mathematics, / is an abstract concept / which makes
possible / immense amounts of concrete research and understanding.
第二、句子的结构是：
1)主干结构是：主语+插入语(like the concept of) +系表结构(is an abstract concept) +
which引导的定语从句
2) immense amounts of concrete research and
understanding是动词makes的宾语，possible是状语前置。
第三、词的处理：
the anthropological concept of "culture,"人类学的“文化”概念
the concept of "set" in mathematics数学中“集”的概念
an abstract concept抽象概念
immense amounts of concrete research大量的具体研究
完整的译文：
65)因此，人类学中“文化”的概念就像数学中“集”的概念一样，是一个抽象概念。它使大量的具体研究和认识成为可能。
考点总结：1)表示比较的插入语；2)定语从句；3)复合宾语；4)状语前置。
2002年考研英语试卷英汉翻译真题解析
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
http://www.sina.com.cn 2003/04/02 16:48 聚焦考研
2002年英译汉试题
Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the
underlined segmentssintosChinese. Your translation should be written clearly
on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)
Almost all our major problems involve human behavior, and they cannot be
solved by physical and biological technology alone. What is needed is a
technology of behavior, but we have been slow to develop the science from
which such a technology might be drawn. 61) One difficulty is that almost
all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to
states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature, and so on.
Physics and biology once followed similar practices and advanced only when
they discarded them. 62) The behavioral sciences have been slow to change
partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and
partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find. The
environment is obviously important, but its role has remained obscure. It
does not push or pull, it selects, and this function is difficult to
discover and analyze. 63) The role of natural selection in evolution was
formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago, and the selective
role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the
individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied. As the
interaction between organism and environment has come to be understood,
however, effects once assigned to states of mind, feelings, and traits are
beginning to be traced to accessible conditions, and a technology of
behavior may therefore become available. It will not solve our problems,
however, until it replaces traditional prescientific views, and these are
strongly entrenched. Freedom and dignity illustrate the difficulty. 64) They
are the possessions of the autonomous (self-governing) man of traditional
theory, and they're essential to practices in which a person is held
responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements. A
scientific analysis shifts both the responsibility and the achievement to
the environment. It also raises questions concerning values. Who will use a
technology and to what ends? 65) Until these issues are resolved, a
technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly
the only way to solve our problems.
翻译题解：
61) One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science
continues to trace behavior to states of mind, feelings, traits of
character, human nature, and so on.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分为两段：One difficulty is that almost all of what is called
behavioral science / continues to trace behavior to states of mind,
feelings, traits of character, human nature, and so on.
第二、句子的结构是：
1)主干结构是表语从句One difficulty is that...
2)almost all of what is called behavioral
science是表语从句中的主语部分，后面是简单的谓语和宾语结构。第三、词的处理：continues to trace behavior
to继续针对……研究行为
behavioral science 行为科学
states of mind 心态，意识状态
feelings 感情
traits of character 性格特点
完整的译文：
61)难题之一在于所谓的行为科学几乎全都依然从心态、情感、性格特征、人性等方面去寻找行为的根源。
62) The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the
explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because
other kinds of explanations have been hard to find.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分为三段：The behavioral sciences have been slow to change/partly
because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and/partly
because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find.
第二、句子的主干结构是：主句+两个并列关系的原因状语从句之所以……，部分是因为……，部分是因为……
第三、词的处理：
the explanatory items 用以解释的要素(内容，项目)
other kinds of explanations 其他解释方式
完整的译文：
62)行为科学之所以发展缓慢，部分原因是用来解释行为的依据似乎往往是直接观察到的，部分原因是其他的解释方式一直难以找到。
63) The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a
little more than a hundred years ago, and the selective role of the
environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is
only beginning to be recognized and studied.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分为四段：The role of natural selection in evolution/was formulated
only a little more than a hundred years ago, /and the selective role of the
environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual/is
only beginning to be recognized and studied.
第二、句子的主干结构是两个表示时间对比的并列句The role of...was formulated only..., and the
selective role of...is only beginning to...每一个句子的主语都比较长，都是名词+介词短语结构。
第三、词的处理：
in evolution 在演化中
formulated 阐述；表述；解释；论证
shaping 形成(造就)
maintaining 保持，维护
recognized 认可，承认
完整的译文：
63)自然选择在进化中的作用仅在一百多年前才得以阐明，而环境在塑造和保持个体行为时的选择作用则刚刚开始被认识和研究。
64) They are the possessions of the autonomous (self-governing) man of
traditional theory, and they're essential to practices in which a person is
held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分为三段：They are the possessions of the autonomous (self-governing)
man of traditional theory, /and they're essential to practices/in which a
person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his
achievements.
第二、句子的结构：
1)主干结构是两个并列句They are the possessions of ... and they're essential to...
2)in which...是practices的定语从句。
第三、词的处理：
They 它们(自由与尊严)，代词做主语
possessions 所有物
autonomous (self-governing) 自主行为的；自我管理的；自我约束的
practices 实践活动
is held responsible for 对……负责
given credit for 认可；赞誉；给予肯定
完整的译文：
64)自由和尊严(它们)是传统理论定义的自主人所拥有的，是要求一个人对自己的行为负责并因其业绩而给予肯定的必不可少的前提。
65) Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will
continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our
problems.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分为三段：Until these issues are resolved, /a technology of behavior
will continue to be rejected, /and with it possibly the only way to solve
our problems.
第二、句子的结构是：
1)主干结构是复合状语从句Until these issues are resolved, a technology..., and with
it...
2) and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems的完整表达是the only
way to solve our problems will possibly continue to be rejected with
it.其中it指代前面主句的内容。
第三、词的处理：
until 如果不，直到
a technology of behavior 研究行为的技术手段
be rejected 被抛弃；被拒绝；被反对
with it 随之；伴随着它
完整的译文：
65)(如果)这些问题得不到解决，研究行为的技术手段就会继续受到排斥，解决问题的惟一方式可能也随之受到排斥。
2001年考研英语试卷英汉翻译真题解析
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http://www.sina.com.cn 2003/04/03 17:18 聚焦考研
2001年英译汉试题
Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the
underlined segmentssintosChinese. Your translation should be written clearly
on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)
In less than 30 years' time the Star Trek holodeck will be a reality.
Direct links between the brain's nervous system and a computer will also
create full sensory virtual environments, allowing virtual vacations like
those in the film Total Recall.
71) There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with
pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend. 72) Children
will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, computers with
in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools,
relaxation will be in front of smell-television, and digital age will have
arrived.
According to BT's futurologist, Ian Pearson, these are among the
developments scheduled for the first few decades of the new millennium (a
period of 1,000 years), when supercomputers will dramatically accelerate
progress in all areas of life.
73) Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around
the world, to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the
latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and
discoveries to take place. Some of the biggest developments will be in
medicine, including an extended life expectancy and dozens of artificial
organs comingsintosuse between now and 2040.
Pearson also predicts a breakthrough in computer-human links. By linking
directly to our nervous system, computers could pick up what we feel and,
hopefully, simulate feeling too so that we can start to develop full sensory
environments, rather like the holidays in Total Recall or the Star Trek
holodeck, he says. 74) But that, Pearson points out, is only the start of
manmachine integration: It will be the beginning of the long process of
integration that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human before the
end of the next century.
Through his research, Pearson is able to put dates to most of the
breakthroughs that can be predicted. However, there are still no forecasts
for when faster-than-light travel will be available, or when human cloning
will be perfected, or when time travel will be possible. But he does expect
social problems as a result of technological advances. A boom in
neighborhood surveillance cameras will, for example, cause problems in 2010,
while the arrival of synthetic lifelike robots will mean people may not be
able to distinguish between their human friends and the? 75) And home
appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them
will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder-kitchen rage.
翻译题解：
71) There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with
pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分为三段：There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, / and
cars with pollution monitors that will disable them / when they offend.
第二、句子的结构是：
1)主干结构是带双主语的存在句：There will be television chat shows..., and cars...
2)两个主语都带有定语：第一个主语television chat shows的定语是过去分词短语hosted by
robots，第二个主语cars的定语是介词短语with pollution monitors。
3)定语从句that will disable them修饰的先行词是pollution monitors，最后一个从句when they
offend是定语从句中的状语从句。
第三、词的处理：
television chat shows hosted by robots 由机器人主持的电视谈话节目，重点词hosted 主持
cars with pollution monitors 装有污染监控器的汽车
disable them 使汽车失灵(停止运行)them和they指代汽车
offend 多义词(汽车)污染超标，违规
完整的译文：
71)届时，将出现由机器人主持的电视谈话节目以及装有污染监控器的汽车，一旦这些汽车排污超标(违规)，监控器就会使其停驶。
72) Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips,
computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather
than tools, relaxation will be in front of smell- television, and digital
age will have arrived.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分为三段：Children will play with dolls equipped with personality
chips, / computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates
rather than tools, / relaxation will be in front of smell-television, and
digital age will have arrived.
第二、句子的结构：
1)主干结构是几个并列的简单句：Children will play with dolls..., computers...will be
regarded as..., relaxation will be in front of..., and digital age will have
arrived.
2)dolls带有过去分词短语equipped with personality chips做定语，computers的后置定语是介词短语with
inbuilt personalities，personalities等于personality chips，宾语workmates rather
than tools是并列结构，表示选择。
第三、词的处理：
dolls equipped with personality chips 装有个性芯片的玩具娃娃
personality 个性，性格
computers with inbuilt personalities 个性内置的计算机
rather than 而不是
relaxation 休闲、放松、娱乐、消遣
smelltelevision 气味电视机
digital age 数字化时代
完整的译文：
72)儿童将与装有个性芯片的玩具娃娃玩耍，具有个性内置的计算机将被视为工作伙伴而不是工具，人们将在气味电视机前休闲，届时数字化时代就来到了。
73) Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around
the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the
latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and
discoveries to take place.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分为三段：Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of
researchers around the world, / to produce a unique millennium technology
calendar that gives the latest dates / when we can expect hundreds of key
breakthroughs and discoveries to take place.
第二、句子的结构是：
1)主句是简单句，to produce是结果状语。
2)calendar后面的that...是定语从句。
3)后面的when引导的也是定语从句，不是时间状语，译作的。
4)to take place作前面名词的定语。
第三、词的处理：
Pearson 皮尔森(人名音译)
pieced together 汇集；综合
around the world 世界各地，全世界
produce 编制
a unique millennium technology calendar 一个独特的技术千年历
the latest dates 最近日期
key breakthroughs 重大突破，关键性突破
完整的译文：
73)皮尔森汇集世界各地数百位研究人员的成果，编制了一个独特的技术千年历，它列出了人们有望看到数百项重大突破和发现的最迟日期。
74) But that, Pearson points out, is only the start of man-machine
integration: It will be the beginning of the long process of integration
that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human before the end of the
next century.句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分为三段：But that, Pearson points out, is only the start of
man-machine integration: /It will be the beginning of the long process of
integration / that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human before
the end of the next century.
第二、句子的结构：
1)主干结构是that..., is only the start of...系表结构
2) beginning后面有多重定语：两个of短语和一个that will ultimately lead to定语从句。
3)Pearson points out插入语，翻译时放在句首。
4)在the long process of integration结构中，integration前省略了定语man-machine，翻译时要补出。
5)lead to a fully electronic human动词和宾语之间意思省略，翻译时要加词。
第三、词的处理：
that 代词作主语，指代上文前面“的”
a breakthrough 突破，一定要译出。
the start of manmachine integration 人机一体化的开始
lead to 引起出现，导致产生
a fully electronic human 完全电子化的仿真人，完全的电子人
before the end of the next century 在下世纪末之前
完整的译文：
74)皮尔森指出，这个突破仅仅是人机一体化的开始：它是人机一体化漫长之路的第一步，最终会使人们在下世纪末之前就研制出完全电子化的仿真人。
75) And home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and
operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological
disorder-kitchen rage.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分为三段：And home appliances will also become so smart / that
controlling and operating them will result in the breakout / of a new
psychological disorder-kitchen rage.
第二、句子主干结构是：so smart that...如此……以至于(从句)……
第三、词的处理：
home appliances 家用电器
smart 聪明，智能化
result in the breakout of 引发，导致，出现
psychological disorder 心理混乱(失调)
kitchen rage 厨房狂燥症，厨房愤怒，厨房生气
完整的译文：
75)家用电器将会变得如此智能化，以至于控制和操作它们会引发一种新的心理疾病--厨房狂燥症。
2000年考研英语试卷英汉翻译真题解析
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
http://www.sina.com.cn 2003/04/04 16:45 聚焦考研
2000年英译汉试题
Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the
underlined segmentssintosChinese. Your translation should be written clearly
on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)
Governments throughout the world act on the assumption that the welfare of
their people depends largely on the economic strength and wealth of the
community. 71) Under modern conditions, this requires varying measures of
centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as
economists and operational research experts. 72) Furthermore it is obvious
that the strength of a country's economy is directly bound up with the
efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon
the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds. It also means that
governments are increasingly compelled to interfere in these sectors
insgroupsto step up production and ensure that it is utilized to the best
advantage. For example, they may encourage research in various ways,
including the setting up of their own research centers; they may alter the
structure of education, or interfere insgroupsto reduce the wastage of
natural resources or tap resources hitherto unexploited; or they may
co-operate directly in the growing number of international projects related
to science, economics and industry. In any case, all such interventions are
heavily dependent of scientific advice and also scientific and technological
manpower of all kinds.
73) Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications, people
everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and
ideas, while governments are often forced to introduce still further
innovations for the reasons given above. At the same time, the normal rate
of social change throughout the world is taking place at a vastly
accelerated speed compared with the past. For example, 74) in the early
industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization-with all
the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed-was spread over
nearly a century, whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same
process in a decade or so. All this has the effect of building up unusual
pressures and tensions within the community and consequently presents
serious problems for the governments concerned. 75) Additional social
stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems
arising from mass migration movements-themselves made relatively easy
nowadays by modern means of transport. As a result of all these factors,
governments are becoming increasingly dependent on biologists and social
scientists for planning the appropriate programs and putting
themsintoseffect.
翻译题解：
71) Under modern conditions, this requires varying measures of centralized
control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and
operational research experts.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分为三段：Under modern conditions, this requires varying measures of
centralized control/and hence the help of specialized scientists/such as
economists and operational research experts.
第二、句子的结构：
1)主干结构是一个带双宾语的简单句：this requires varying measures of...and hence the help
of...
2)两个宾语各带有of短语作定语。
3)specialized scientists后面的短语such as...是其定语。
第三、词的处理：
Under modern conditions 在现代条件下
requires 需要
varying measures (程度)不同的措施
centralized control 中央控制，中央调控
and hence 因此，从而
specialized scientists 专门科学家，专家
operational research experts 运行研究专家，运筹学家
完整的译文：
71)在现代条件下，这需要程度不同的中央控制，从而就需要获得诸如经济学家和运筹学家等领域专家的协助。
72) Furthermore it is obvious that the strength of a country's economy is
directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and
that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of
all kinds.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分为三段：Furthermore it is obvious / that the strength of a country's
economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and
industry, / and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and
technologists of all kinds.
第二、句子的结构：
1)主干结构是it is obvious that..., and that...形式主语和两个主语从句。
2)两个that从句都是简单的主谓宾结构句。
3)this指代前面的宾语中心词efficiency。
第三、词的处理：
Furthermore 再者，另外
it is obvious that (固定译法)显而易见的是
the strength of a country's economy 一个国家的经济实力
is directly bound up with 与……直接(密切)相关
the efficiency of its agriculture and industry 工农业生产效率
in turn 反过来
rests upon 有赖于，取决于
scientists and technologists of all kinds 各种科技人员，所有领域的科学家和技术人员
完整的译文：
72)再者，显而易见的是，一个国家的经济实力与其工农业生产效率密切相关，而效率的提高又有赖于各种科技人员的努力。
73) Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications, people
everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and
ideas, while governments are often forced to introduce still further
innovations for the reasons given above.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分为五段：Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications, /
people everywhere are feeling new wants / and are being exposed to new
customs and ideas, / while governments are often forced to introduce still
further innovations / for the reasons given above.
第二、句子的结构：
1)主干结构是：原因状语Owing to..., people are feeling ... and are being..., while
governments are often forced to...句子结构中while是个关键词，表示对比关系，汉语意思是"而"。
2)第一个主句中有两个现在进行时的并列谓语are feeling... and are being...
3)第二个主句的谓语是被动语态。
4)for the reasons given above是第二个主句的原因状语。
第三、词的处理：
owing to 因为，由于
mass-communications 大众通讯
people everywhere 所有的人，各地的人
new wants 新的需求(要求，需要)
being exposed to 接触到，感受到
customs and ideas 习俗和思想
introduce 推出，采取，施行
innovations 革新，革新措施
for the reasons given above 由于上述原因
完整的译文：
73)由于大众通讯的显著发展，所有的人都不断感到有新的需求，并不断接触到新的习俗和思想，由于上述原因，各国政府不得不经常采取更进一步的革新措施。
74) in the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of
industrialization-with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that
followed-was spread over nearly a century, whereas nowadays a developing
nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分为三段：in the early industrialized countries of Europe / the process
of industrialization-with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns
that followed-was spread over nearly a century, / whereas nowadays a
developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so.
第二、句子的结构：
1)主干结构是复合句the process of industrialization...was spread over nearly a
century, whereas...连词whereas "而"，表示对比。
2)破折号中间的短语是附加成分，修饰主语中心词process，其中social patterns后面that followed是一个定语从句。
3)因为是两个对比句，所以可以根据上下文判断：两个句子的谓语spread over和undergo意思相近，the same
process等于the process of industrialization.
第三、词的处理：
industrialized countries 工业化国家
the process of industrialization 工业化进程，工业化过程
with ...that followed 随……而来的，以及
far-reaching changes 深刻的变革，影响深远的变化
social patterns 社会结构
spread over 持续，延续
nearly a century 大约(将近、几乎)一个世纪
a developing nation 一个发展中国家
undergo 经历
in a decade or so 在10年左右的时间
完整的译文：
74)在先期实现工业化的欧洲国家里，其工业化进程以及随之而来的各种深刻的社会结构变革持续了大约一个世纪，而如今一个发展中国家在10年左右的时间内就可以完成同样的过程。
75) Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population
explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements-themselves made
relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分为三段：Additional social stresses may also occur / because of the
population explosion or problems arising from mass migration
movements-/themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of
transport.第二、句子的结构：1)主干结构是Additional social stresses may also occur because
of...简单句+ because of表示的原因状语。整句翻译应该根据先原因后结果的原则，将主句放在最后。
2) because of后面有两个宾语the population explosion or problems
3)名词problems带有现在分词短语作后置定语arising from mass migration movements
4) themselves指前面的名词短语mass migration movements,后面的过去分词短语是themselves的定语。
第三、词的处理：
Additional social stresses 新的(额外的)社会压力
occur 出现，产生
population explosion 人口猛增，人口爆炸
arising from 由……引起，产生于，来自于
mass migration movements 大量人口流动
migration 流动，迁移
modern means of transport 现代交通工具
means 工具，手段，途径
完整的译文：
75)由于人口猛增或大量人口流动(现代交通工具使大量人口流动变得相对容易)所引起的各种问题也会对社会造成新的压力。
1999年考研英语试卷英汉翻译真题解析
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http://www.sina.com.cn 2003/04/04 17:17 聚焦考研
1999年英译汉试题
Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the
underlined segmentssintosChinese. Your translation should be written clearly
on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)
71) While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are
historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history
as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.
Caught in the web of its own time and place, each generation of historians
determines anew what is significant for it in the past. In this search the
evidence found is always incomplete and scattered; it is also frequently
partial or partisan. The irony of the historian's craft is that its
practitioners always know that their efforts are but contributions to an
unending process.
72) Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external
challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more
from internal quarrels among historians themselves. While history once
revered its affinity to literature and philosophy, the emerging social
sciences seemed to afford greater opportunities for asking new questions and
providing rewarding approaches to an understanding of the past. Social
science methodologies had to be adapted to a discipline governed by the
primacy of historical sources rather than the imperatives of the
contemporary world. 73) During this transfer, traditional historical methods
were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new
forms of evidence in the historical study.
Methodology is a term that remains inherently ambiguous in the historical
profession. 74) There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the
concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research
techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.
Historians, especially those so blinded by their research interests that
they have been accused of tunnel method, frequently fall victim to the
technicist fallacy. Also common in the natural sciences, the technicist
fallacy mistakenly identifies the discipline as a whole with certain parts
of its technical implementation. 75) It applies equally to traditional
historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of
sources, and to social science historians who equate their activity with
specific techniques.
翻译题解：
71) While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are
historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history
as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分为三段：While there are almost as many definitions of history as
there are historians, / modern practice most closely conforms to one / that
sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events
of the past.
第二、句子的结构：
1)主干结构是While there are almost as... as there are...
+主句，While引导让步状语从句，从句中as... as结构是比较级，这句话直译为有多少历史学家，就有多少关于历史的定义。
2)主句中one是宾语，后面的that从句是它的定语从句。
3)sees history as把……看作是，不定式短语to recreate and explain...作名词the attempt的定语。
第三、词的处理：
While 虽然，尽管
definitions 定义，界定
modern practice 现代(补词：史学家的)实践
conforms to 符合于，趋向于认为
attempt 试图，尝试
to recreate 再现，重现(不能说重新创造历史)
events 事件，结合上下文引申为史实
完整的译文：
71)几乎每个历史学家对史学都有自己的界定，但现代史学家的实践最趋向于认为，历史学是试图重现过去的重大史实并对其作出解释。
72) Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external
challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more
from internal quarrels among historians themselves.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分为三段：Interest in historical methods has arisen / less through
external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline
/ and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.
第二、句子的结构
1)主干结构是一个简单句：Interest... has arisen less through ...and more from...
2)并列状语less through ...and more
from的翻译是关键，through和from意思完全相同，表示原因，直译比较少的是因为……，更多的原因是……
3)challenge后面的不定式短语to the validity of history as an intellectual
discipline是它的定语，直译对历史作为一门学科的正确性提出异议，internal quarrels后面的介词短语among historians
themselves作quarrels的定语。
第三、词的处理：
Interest in historical methods 对历史方法的关注(兴趣)
arisen 来自于，产生于challenge质疑，挑战
validity 真实性，正确性as an intellectual discipline作为一门学问(一个学科领域)
internal quarrels 内部意见不统一，内部分歧
完整的译文：
72)人们之所以关注历史研究的方法论，主要是因为史学界内部意见不一，其次是因为外界并不认为历史是一门学问。
73) During this transfer, traditional historical methods were augmented by
additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in
the historical study.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分为三段：During this transfer, / traditional historical methods were
augmented / by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms
of evidence in the historical study.
第二、句子的结构：
1)主干结构是一个被动语态的简单句：...methods were augmented by...
2)过去分词短语designed to...作句子宾语methodologies的定语。
第三、词的处理：
transfer 转变
augmented 充实，补充
additional methodologies 新方法 designed to用来
interpret 阐释，解释，说明
the new forms of evidence 新的证据形式，根据上下文意思引申为在历史学研究中的新史料
in the historical study 在(补译：历史学家)研究历史时
完整的译文：
73)在这种转变中，历史学家研究历史时，那些解释新史料的新方法充实了传统的历史研究方法。
74) There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts
peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques
appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分为三段：There is no agreement / whether methodology refers to the
concepts peculiar to historical work in general / or to the research
techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.
第二、句子的结构：
1)主干结构是存在句There is no agreement因为主语部分太长，整个结构应该采用顺序倒译方法。
2) whether methodology refers to ...or to ...是主语agreement的同位语。
3) the concepts后面的形容词短语peculiar to historical work in general是它的定语；the
research techniques后面的形容词短语appropriate to the various branches of historical
inquiry也是作定语。
第三、词的处理：
agreement 统一的意见，一致看法
whether...refers to... or to... 是指……还是指……
the concepts/peculiar to/historical work/in general
(按后置定语的顺序倒译)一般的历史研究中的特有概念
the research techniques 研究手段
appropriate to 适用于，合适于
the various branches 各个领域
historical inquiry 历史探究
完整的译文：
74)所谓方法论是指一般的历史研究中的特有概念，还是指历史探究中各个具体领域使用的研究手段，人们对此意见不一。
75) It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only
the external and internal criticism of sources, and to social science
historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分为三段：It applies equally to traditional historians / who view
history as only the external and internal criticism of sources, / and to
social science historians who equate their activity with specific
techniques.
第二、句子的结构
1)主干结构是：It applies equally to..., and to
...直译这既适应于……又适应于……引申为这既存在于……又存在于……
2) traditional historians who view history as...和social science historians
who equate... with...是并列结构，指两种历史学家，各有定语从句修饰。
第三、词的处理：
It主语指示代词，联系上下文意思是这种谬论
traditional historians 传统历史学家，历史传统派
view history as 把历史看作是
sources 源泉，引申为史料来源
social science historians 社会科学历史学家，历史社科派
their activity 活动，引申为历史学研究活动，历史研究
equate... with 把……等同于，认为……是
specific techniques 具体方法
完整的译文：
75)这种谬论同样存在于历史传统派和历史社科派；前者认为历史就是史学界内部和外部人士对各种史料来源的评论，后者认为历史的研究是具体方法的研究。
1998年考研英语试卷英汉翻译真题解析
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http://www.sina.com.cn 2003/04/07 18:00 聚焦考研
1998年英译汉试题
Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the
underlined segmentssintosChinese. Your translation should be written clearly
on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)
They were by far, the largest and most distant objects that scientist had
ever detected: a strip of enormous cosmic clouds some 15 billion light-years
from earth. 71) But even more important, it was the farthest that scientists
had been able to looksintosthe past, for what they were seeing were the
patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago. That was just
about the moment that the universe was born. What the researchers found was
at once both amazing and expected: the US National Aeronautics and Space
Administrations Cosmic Background Explorer satellite-Cobe-had discovered
landmark evidence that the universe did in fact begin with the primeval
explosion that has discovered landmark evidence that the universe did in
fact begin with the primeval explosion that has become known as the Big Bang
(the theory that the universe originated in an explosion from a single mass
of energy).
72) The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big
Bang, first put forward in the 1920s, to maintain its reign as the dominant
explanation of the cosmos. According to the theory, the universe
burstsintosbeing as a submicroscopic, unimaginably dense knot of pure energy
that flew outward in all directions, emitting radiation as it went,
condensing in to particles and thensintosatoms of gas. Over billions of
years, the gas was compressed by gravitysintosgalaxies, stars, plants and
eventually, even humans.
Cobe is designed to see just the biggest structures, but astronomers world
like to see much smaller hot spots as well, the seeds of local objects like
clusters and superclusters of galaxies. They shouldn't have long to wait.
73) Astrophysicists working with ground-based detectors at the South Pole
and balloon-borne instruments are closing in on such structures, and may
report their findings soon.
74) If the small hot spots look as expected, that will be a triumph for
yet another scientific idea, a refinement of the Big Bang called the
inflationary universe theory. Inflation says that very early on, the
universe expanded in size by more than a trillion trillion trillion
trillionfold in much less than a second, propelled by a sort of antigravity.
75) Odd though it sounds, cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible
consequence of some respected ideas in elementary-particle physics, and many
astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it
is true.
翻译题解：
71) But even more important, it was the farthest that scientists had been
able to looksintosthe past, for what they were seeing were the patterns and
structures that existed 15 billion years ago.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分为三段：But even more important, it was the farthest that scientists
had been able to looksintosthe past, / for what they were seeing were the
patterns and structures / that existed 15 billion years ago.
第二、句子主干结构是：主句+ for +原因状语从句。
1)主句是强调句it was... that...被强调部分the farthest是后面句子的状语，可以理解为scientists had
been able to look the farthestsintosthe past
2) for...引导的原因状语从句是一个系表结构，what they were seeing是从句中的主语，that...是名词表语the
patterns and structures的定语从句。
第三、词的处理：
even more important (省略)更为重要的是
the patterns and structures (宇宙云的)形状和结构
15 billion years ago 150亿年前
完整的译文：
71)但更为重要的是，这是科学家们所能观测到的最遥远的过去的景象，因为他们看到的是150亿年前宇宙云的形状和结构。
72) The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big
Bang, first put forward in the 1920s, to maintain its reign as the dominant
explanation of the cosmos.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分为三段：The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for
the Big Bang, / first put forward in the 1920s, / to maintain its reign as
the dominant explanation of the cosmos.
第二、句子的主干结构是一个简单句。
1)整体结构是：The existence... was virtually required for..., to
maintain...2)first put forward in the 1920s是过去分词短语作插入语，说明前面的名词the Big Bang
3)后面的不定式短语是补语。
第三、词的处理：
the giant clouds 巨大的(宇宙)云
virtually 事实上，实际上，实质上
the Big Bang 大爆炸理论
first put forward 首创的，开始提出的
in the 1920s 二十年代
to maintain its reign as 以保持……的地位
explanation of the cosmos 对宇宙(起源论)的解释
完整的译文：
72)巨大的宇宙云的存在，实际上是使二十年代首创的大爆炸论得以保持其宇宙起源论的主导地位所必不可少的。
73) Astrophysicists working with ground-based detectors at the South Pole
and balloon-borne instruments are closing in on such structures, and may
report their findings soon.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分为三段：Astrophysicists working with ground-based detectors at the
South Pole and balloon-borne instruments / are closing in on such
structures, / and may report their findings soon.
第二、句子主干结构是：
1)主语+并列谓语Astrophysicists...are closing...and may report...2)分词短语working
with ground-based detectors at the South Pole and balloon-borne
instruments是主语的定语。
第三、词的处理：
working with 使用，以……为工作手段
ground-based detectors 陆基探测器
the South Pole 南极
balloon-borne instruments 球载仪器
are closing in on 正越来越近
structures 云系
findings 观测结果
完整的译文：
73)天体物理学家使用南极陆基探测器及球载仪器，正越来越近地观测这些云系，也许不久会报告他们的观测结果。
74) If the small hot spots look as expected, that will be a triumph for
yet another scientific idea, a refinement of the Big Bang called the
inflationary universe theory.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分为三段：If the small hot spots look as expected, / that will be a
triumph for yet another scientific idea, / a refinement of the Big Bang
called the inflationary universe theory.
第二、句子的结构：
1)主干结构是“If引导的条件句，主句”。
2)look as expected是look as they are expected的省略，意思是“看上去和预想的一样”。
3)another scientific idea和后面的短语a refinement of the Big Bang是同位语关系。
4)过去分词短语called the inflationary universe theory作定语，修饰the Big Bang.
第三、词的处理：
the small hot spots 小热点
refinement 更完美，提炼，改进
the inflationary universe theory 宇宙膨胀说(理论)
完整的译文：
74)假如那些小热点看上去同预计的一致，那就意味着又一科学论说的胜利，这种论说即更完美的大爆炸论，亦称宇宙膨胀说。
75) Odd though it sounds, cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible
consequence of some respected ideas in elementary-particle physics, and many
astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it
is true.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分为三段：Odd though it sounds, / cosmic inflation is a scientifically
plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary-particle
physics, / and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part
of a decade that it is true.
第二、句子的结构：
1)主干结构是倒装的让步状语从句+主句。Odd though it sounds = though it sounds odd
2) consequence前后有多重定语。
3) and many astrophysicists have been convinced为被动结构。
4) that it is true是宾语从句。
第三、词的处理：
cosmic inflation 宇宙膨胀说
scientifically plausible consequence 科学上可信的推论
in elementary-particle physics 基本粒子物理学
convinced 被说服，相信
for the better part of a decade 七八年来
完整的译文：
75)宇宙膨胀说虽然听似奇特，但它是基本粒子物理学中一些公认的理论在科学上看来可信的推论。许多天体物理学家七八年来一直认为这一论说是正确的。
1997年考研英语试卷英汉翻译真题解析
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http://www.sina.com.cn 2003/04/08 17:02 聚焦考研
1997年英译汉试题
Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the
underlined segmentssintosChinese. Your translation should be written clearly
on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)
Do animals have rights? This is how the question is usually put. It sounds
like a useful, ground-clearing way to start. 71) Actually, it isn't, because
it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights, which is
something the world does not have.
On one view of rights, to be sure, it necessarily follows that animals
have none. 72) Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a
social contract, as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements.
Therefore animals cannot have rights. The idea of punishing a tiger that
kills somebody is absurd; for exactly the same reason, so is the idea that
tigers have rights. However, this is only one account, and by no means an
uncontested one. It denies rights not only to animals but also to some
people for instance, to infants, the mentally incapable and future
generations. In addition, it is unclear what force a contract can have for
people who never consented to it: how do you reply to somebody who says I
don't like this contract?
The point is this: without agreement on the rights of people, arguing
about the rights of animals is fruitless. 73) It leads the discussion to
extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be
treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with
no consideration at all. This is a false choice. Better to start with
another, more fundamental, question: is the way we treat animals a moral
issue at all?
Many deny it. 74) Arguing from the view that humans are different from
animals in every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that
animals lie outside the area of moral choice. Any regard for the suffering
of animals is seen as a mistake a sentimental displacement of feeling that
should properly be directed to other humans.
This view, which holds that torturing a monkey is morally equivalent to
chopping wood, may seem bravely logical. In fact it is simply shallow: the
confused center is right to reject it. The most elementary form of moral
reasoning the ethical equivalent of learning to crawl is to weigh others'
interests against one's own. This in turn requires sympathy and imagination:
without which there is no capacity for moral thought. To see an animal in
pain is enough, for most, to engage sympathy. 75) When that happens, it is
not a mistake: it is mankind's instinct for moral reasoning in action, an
instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.
翻译题解：
71) Actually, it isn't, because it assumes that there is an agreed account
of human rights, which is something the world does not have.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分为三段：Actually, it isn't, because it assumes / that there is an
agreed account of human rights, / which is something the world does not
have.第二、句子主干结构是主从复合句。
1)because引导原因状语从句
2)that引导宾语从句，从句中是存在句结构there is an agreed account of human rights,
3)which从句的先行词是human rights，something后面是定语从句the world does not have.
第三、词的处理：
Actually 事实上
it主语代词，根据上下文意思这种问法，这种说法，isn't后面省略的词应该是so或true
an agreed account 约定的看法，共同的认识
human rights 人的权利，人权
完整的译文：
71)事实并非如此，因为这种问法是以人们对人的权利有共同的认识为基础的，而这种共同认识并不存在。
72) Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social
contract, as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分为三段：Some philosophers argue / that rights exist only within a
social contract, / as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements.
第二、句子的结构：
1)主干结构是主从复合句：Some philosophers argue that...
2)that引导的是宾语从句
3)as part of...是宾语从句中的rights的主语补足语。
第三、词的处理：
argue 论证
a social contract 社会契约
as part of 作为(是)……的一部分
entitlements 利益，权利
完整的译文：
72)有些哲学家论证说，权利只存在社会契约中，是责任与利益相交换的一部分。
73) It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to
think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans
extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分为三段：It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: / it
invites you to think that animals should be treated / either with the
consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at
all.
第二、句子的结构是：
1)it invites you to think that...后面是宾语从句。
2) animals should be treated either with..., or
with...要么……要么……，是表示选择的方式状语。
3)the consideration后面的humans extend to other humans是定语。
第三、词的处理：
leads ...to extremes 引向极端
at the outset 从一开始
invites you to think 使人们认为
consideration 关切，体谅
humans extend to other humans 人对待人
完整的译文：
73)这种说法从一开始就将讨论引向两个极端，它使人们认为应这样对待动物：要么像对人类自身一样关切体谅，要么完全冷漠无情。
74) Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every
relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the
area of moral choice.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分为三段：Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals
in every relevant respect, / extremists of this kind think / that animals
lie outside the area of moral choice.
第二、句子的结构：
1)主干结构是现在分词短语状语，主语+谓语+宾语从句。Arguing from...现在分词短语作状语。
2) the view和后面的从句that...是同位语关系
3) that...引导宾语从句。
第三、词的处理：
Arguing from the view 从……观点看，持……观点
different from... 与……不同
in every relevant respect 在各相关方面
extremists 极端主义者，持极端观点的人
lie outside the area of moral choice 不在道德问题范围，与道德取舍无关
完整的译文：
74)这类人持极端看法，认为人与动物在各相关方面都不相同，对待动物无须考虑道德问题。
75) When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is mankind's instinct for
moral reasoning in action, an instinct that should be encouraged rather than
laughed at.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分为三段：When that happens, it is not a mistake: / it is mankind's
instinct for moral reasoning in action, / an instinct that should be
encouraged rather than laughed at.
第二、句子主干结构是两个复合句：
1)When...是前一个复合句的时间状语
2)instinct后面的介词短语for moral reasoning in action是它的定语
3)that...是定语从句，修饰先行词an instinct，从句中是被动语态结构，表示选择。
第三、词的处理：
that (代词作主语)联系上下文译为这种反应
mankind's instinct for moral reasoning 人类道德观念推理的本能
in action 起作用
rather than 而不
完整的译文：
75)这种反应并不错，这是人类用道德观念进行推理的本能在起作用，这种本能应得到鼓励而不应遭到嘲弄。
1996年考研英语试卷英汉翻译真题解析
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http://www.sina.com.cn 2003/04/09 17:11 聚焦考研
1996年英译汉试题
Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the
underlined segmentssintosChinese. Your translation should be written clearly
on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)
The differences in relative growth of various areas of scientific research
have several causes. 71) Some of these causes are completely reasonable
results of social needs. Others are reasonable consequences of particular
advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating. Some, however,
are less reasonable processes of different growth in which preconceptions of
the form scientific theory ought to take, by persons in authority, act to
alter the growth pattern of different areas. This is a new problem probably
not yet unavoidable; but it is a frightening trend. 72) This trend began
during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion
that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific
establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail. It can be predicted,
however, that from time to time questions will arise which will require
specific scientific answers. It is therefore generally valuable to treat the
scientific establishment as a resource or machine to be kept in functional
order. 73) This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount
of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in
the future.
This kind of support, like all government support, requires decisions
about the appropriate recipients of funds. Decisions based on utility is
more difficult. The goal of the supporting agencies is the praisable one of
supporting good as opposed to bad science, but a valid determination is
difficult to make. Generally, the idea of good science tends to become
confused with the capacity of the field in question to generate an elegant
theory. 74) However, the world is so made that elegant systems are in
principle unable to deal with some of the world's more fascination and
delightful aspects. 75) New forms of thought as well as new subjects for
thought must arise in the future as they have in the past, giving rise to
new standards of elegance.
翻译题解：
71) Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social
needs. Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science
being to some extent self-accelerating.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分为三段：Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of
social needs. / Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in
science / being to some extent self-accelerating.
第二、句子的结构：
1)主干结构是对比句Some... are... reasonable results of... Others are reasonable
consequences of...
2) particular advances后面有多重定语in science being to some extent
self-accelerating.
第三、词的处理：
are... results of 是……的结果，来自于
social needs 社会需求
to some extent 在一定程度上
self-accelerating 自我加速
完整的译文：
71)在这些原因中，有些完全是自然而然地来自社会需求，另一些则是由于科学在一定程度上自我加速而产生某些特定发展的必然结果。
72) This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments
came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to
make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分为三段：This trend began during the Second World War, when several
governments came to the conclusion / that the specific demands that a
government wants to make of its scientific establishment / cannot generally
be foreseen in detail.
第二、句子的结构：
1)主干结构是主句+ when引导的时间状语，when = at that time当时，那时。
2)第一个that从句是主句宾语the conclusion的同位语。
3)that a government wants to make of its scientific
establishment是定语从句中的主语从句
4)cannot generally be foreseen in detail是宾语从句的谓语。
第三、词的处理：
trend 趋势
came to the conclusion 得出结论
the specific demands 具体要求
make of 向……提出
scientific establishment 科研机构
in detail 详尽
完整的译文：
72)这种趋势始于第二次世界大战期间，当时一些国家的政府得出结论：政府向科研机构提出的具体要求通常是无法详尽预见的。
73) This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of
research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the
future.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分为三段：This seems mostly effectively done / by supporting a certain
amount of research not related to immediate goals / but of possible
consequence in the future.
第二、句子的结构：
1)主干结构是系词+过去分词+被动宾语：This seems mostly effectively done by...
2)research后面是双重定语not related to... but of...由此断定related to意思等于of
第三、词的处理：
This (主语代词要译出来)这一问题
done 解决
not related to 与……无关
immediate goals 当前目标
possible consequence 可能的影响
完整的译文：
73)给某些与当前目标无关但将来可能产生影响的科研以支持，看来通常能有效地解决这一问题。
74) However, the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle
unable to deal with some of the world's more fascination and delightful
aspects.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分为三段：However, the world is so made / that elegant systems are in
principle unable to / deal with some of the world's more fascination and
delightful aspects.
第二、句子的结构：
1)主干结构是the world is so... that...
2) some后面有多重定语of the world's more fascination and delightful
aspects.第三、词的处理：
elegant systems (精美的)完美的体系
in principle 一般而言
deal with 解决，处理
aspects 原义是方面，联系上下文译成课题，问题
完整的译文：
74)然而，世界就是如此，完美的体系一般而言是无法解决世界上某些更加引人入胜的课题的。
75) New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in
the future as they have in the past, giving rise to new standards of
elegance.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分为三段：New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must
arise in the future / as they have in the past, / giving rise to new
standards of elegance.
第二、句子的结构：
1)as well as和，以及，连接两个并列主语，must arise作句子谓语
2)as they have in the past方式状语，as就像是……，同……一样
3)giving rise to...表示伴随状语。
第三、词的处理：
New forms of thought 新的思维方式
new subjects for thought 新的思维对象
arise 出现
giving rise to 给出，产生，带来
new standards of elegance 完美的新标准
完整的译文：
75)同过去一样，将来必然会出现新的思维方式和新的思维对象，给完美以新的标准。
1995年考研英语试卷英汉翻译真题解析
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
http://www.sina.com.cn 2003/04/10 16:36 聚焦考研
1995年英译汉试题
Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the
underlined segmentssintosChinese. Your translation should be written clearly
on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)
The standardized educational or psychological tests that are widely used
to aid in selecting, classifying, assigning, or promoting students,
employees, and military personnel have been the target of recent attacks in
books, magazines, the daily press, and even in Congress. 71) The target is
wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics divert attention from the fault
that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users. The tests themselves are
merely tools, with characteristics that can be measured with reasonable
precision under specified conditions. Whether the results will be valuable,
meaningless, or even misleading depends partly upon the tool itself but
largely upon the user.
All informed predictions of future performance are based upon some
knowledge of relevant past performance: school grades, research
productivity, sales records, or whatever is appropriate. 72) How well the
predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount,
reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill
and wisdom with which it is interpreted. Anyone who keeps careful score
knows that the information available is always incomplete and that the
predictions are always subject to error.
Standardized tests should be considered in this context. They provide a
quick, objective method of getting some kinds of information about what a
person learned, the skills he has developed, or the kind of person he is.
The information so obtained has, qualitatively, the same advantages and
shortcomings as other kinds of information. 73) Whether to use tests, other
kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore,
upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon
such factors as cost and availability.
74) In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be
measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to
be measured or predicted can not be well defined. Properly used, they
provide a rapid means of getting comparable information about many people.
Sometimes they identify students whose high potential has not been
previously recognized, but there are many things they do not do. 75) For
example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not
tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up
under more favorable circumstances.
翻译题解：
71) The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics divert
attention from the fault that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分为三段：The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, / critics
divert attention from the fault / that lies with ill-informed or incompetent
users.
第二、句子主干结构是：简单句加for引导的原因状语。后面的that引导的是定语从句。
第三、词的处理：
The target 根据上下文，这里特指标准化测试
divert attention from 原义是把注意力引开，引申为没有注意到
lies with在于ill-informed 不甚了解incompetent users(词性转换)使用不当
完整的译文：
71)把标准化测试作为抨击的目标是错误的，因为在抨击这类测试时，批评者没有注意到测试的弊病在于使用测试的人对测试不甚了解或使用不当。
72) How well the predictions will be validated by later performance
depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information
used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分为三段：How well the predictions will be validated by later
performance / depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of
the information used and on the skill and wisdom / with which it is
interpreted.
第二、句子主干结构是：
1)How well...引导的被动结构是主语从句，How well是主语从句中的状语前置，depends是句子谓语
2)depends后面两个介词短语作并列宾语upon...and on...
3) the information used是名词+定语
4)with which it is interpreted定语从句，先行词是the skill and wisdom，代词it指代the
information
第三、词的处理：
be validated by 为……所证实
depends upon 取决于
reliability 可靠性
appropriateness 适应性
interpreted 解释
完整的译文：
72)这些测试在多大程度上为后来的表现所证实，这取决于所采用信息的数量、可靠性和适应性，以及解释这些信息的技能和才智。
73) Whether to use tests, other kinds of information, or both in a
particular situation depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience
concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and
availability.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分为三段：Whether to use tests, other kinds of information, or both in
a particular situation / depends, therefore, upon the evidence from
experience concerning comparative validity / and upon such factors as cost
and availability.
第二、句子主干结构是：Whether to use..., or both...引导主语从句depends是句子谓语，upon... and
upon...是并列结构的双宾语。
第三、词的处理：
Whether to..., or 是……还是……
both 指代前句的tests, other kinds of information
in a particular situation 在某一特定情况下
therefore 因此
the evidence from experience 经验依据
concerning 与……有关的
comparative validity 相对效度
such factors as... 诸如……等因素
完整的译文：
73)因此，在某一特定情况下，究竟是采用测试还是其他种类的信息，或是两者兼用，须凭有关相对效度的经验依据而定，也取决于诸如费用和有无来源等因素。
74) In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be
measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to
be measured or predicted can not be well defined.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分为四段：In general, the tests work most effectively / when the
qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined / and least
effectively / when what is to be measured or predicted can not be well
defined.
第二、句子的结构：
1)主干结构是一个排比句the tests work most effectively when...and least effectively
when...
2)连词when引导的是状语从句，意思是当……的时候，从句中都是被动结构。
3) what is to be measured or predicted是第二个从句的主语。
第三、词的处理：
In general 一般的说
work most effectively 最为有效
be most precisely defined 很精确界定
measured 测定
完整的译文：
74)一般的说，当所要测定的特征能很精确界定时，测试最为有效；而当所要测定或预测的东西不能明确地界定时，测试的效果则最差。
75) For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, and
thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had
he grown up under more favorable circumstances.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分为三段：For example, they do not compensate for gross social
inequality, / and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster
might have been / had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.
第二、句子的结构：
1)主干结构是并列句they do not compensate for..., and thus do not tell...
2) how able是表语前置，正常语序是：... youngster might have been how able
3)最后一个句子是虚拟语气句的倒装结构：had he grown up under more favorable circumstances等于If
he had grown up...
第三、词的处理：
they 指示代词，测试
compensate for 弥补
gross social inequality 明显的社会不公
and thus 因此
tell 说明
underprivileged 贫困的、物质条件差的
under more favorable circumstances 在较好的环境下
完整的译文：
75)例如，测试并不弥补明显的社会不公，因此它们不能说明一个物质条件差的年轻人，如果在较好的环境下成长的话，会有多大才干。
1994年考研英语试卷英汉翻译真题解析
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http://www.sina.com.cn 2003/04/14 17:09 聚焦考研
1994年英译汉试题
Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the
underlined segmentssintosChinese. Your translation should be written clearly
on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)
According to the new school of scientists, technology is an overlooked
force in expanding the horizons of scientific knowledge. 71) Science moves
forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius
as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tool. 72) In
short, a leader of the new school contends, the scientific revolution, as we
call it, was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of
instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable direction.
73) Over the years, tools and technology themselves as a source of
fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and
philosophers of science. The modern school that hails technology argues that
such masters as Galileo, Newton, Maxwell, Einstein, and inventors such as
Edison attached great importance to, and derived great benefit from, craft
information and technological devices of different kinds that were usable in
scientific experiments.
The centerpiece of the argument of a technology-yes, genius-no advocate
was an analysis of Galileo's role at the start of the scientific revolution.
The wisdom of the day was derived from Ptolemy, an astronomer of the second
century, whose elaborate system of the sky put Earth at the center of all
heavenly motions. 74) Galileo's greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the
first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove
that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the earth. But
the real hero of the story, according to the new school of scientists, was
the long evolution in the improvement of machinery for making eyeglasses.
Federal policy is necessarily involved in the technology vs. genius
dispute. 75) Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure
science at the expense of technology or vice versa (反之) often depends on the
issue of which is seen as the driving force.
翻译题解：
71) Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of
great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved
techniques and tool.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分为三段：Science moves forward, they say, / not so much through the
insights of great men of genius / as because of more ordinary things like
improved techniques and tool.
第二、句子主干结构是：not so much through... as because of...与其……倒不如……
因为not so much...
as是个并列结构，也就是说so和as后面应该两个词的意思应该相同，所以多义介词through的意思应该等于because of因为，由于。
第三、词的处理：
the insights of great men of
genius是后面带定语的名词短语结构，后置定语的顺序应该在汉语翻译中应该倒过来，即从后往前翻译为：天才伟人的真知灼见。
more ordinary things like improved techniques and
tool这是结构是介词like短语做定语修饰中心词more ordinary
things，也是先翻译定语，再翻译中心词：像改进了的技术和工具等更为普通的东西。
they say插入语，按照汉语习惯，翻译时放在句首。
完整的译文：
71)他们说，科学的发展与其说源于天才伟人的真知灼见，不如说源于改进了的技术和工具等更为普通的东西。
72) In short, a leader of the new school contends, the scientific
revolution, as we call it, was largely the improvement and invention and use
of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable
direction.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分为三段：In short, a leader of the new school contends, the scientific
revolution, as we call it, / was largely the improvement and invention and
use of a series of instruments / that expanded the reach of science in
innumerable direction.
第二、句子主干结构是：
1)系表结构：the scientific revolution... was largely...
2) that引导的定语从句，先行词是the improvement and invention and use of a series of
instruments
第三、词的处理：
In short 简而言之
the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments
(词性转换)一系列器具的改进、发明和使用
expanded the reach of science in innumerable direction 直译：在难以计数的方向扩大了科学的范围
完整的译文：
72)新学派的一位领袖人物坚持说：简而言之，我们所谓的科学革命，主要是指一系列器具的改进、发明和使用，而这些改进、发明和使用使科学发展无所不及。
73) Over the years, tools and technology themselves as a source of
fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and
philosophers of science.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分为三段：Over the years, tools and technology themselves as a source
of fundamental innovation / have largely been ignored / by historians and
philosophers of science.
第二、句子主干结构是一个简单的被动语态句：tools and technology...have largely been ignored by
...主语部分有一个themselves反身代词
as a source of fundamental innovation介词短语做定语
第三、词的处理：
Over the years 多年来
philosophers of science 科学思想家们
完整的译文：
73)工具和技术本身作为根本性创新的源泉多年来在很大程度上被历史学家和科学思想家们忽视了。
74) Galileo's greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to
turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets
revolve around the sun rather than around the earth.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分为三段：Galileo's greatest glory was / that in 1609 he was the first
person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens / to prove that
the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the earth.
第二、句子主干结构是：
1)系表结构Galileo's greatest glory was that...
2)不定式短语作定语结构the first person to turn...
3)动词+宾语从句作目的状语to prove that...
第三、词的处理：
turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens (介词on译成动词)把新发明的望远镜对准天空
rather than 而不是
完整的译文：
74)伽利略的最光辉业绩在于他在1609年第一个把新发明的望远镜对准天空，以证实行星是围绕太阳旋转而不是围绕地球旋转的。
75) Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science
at the expense of technology or vice versa often depends on the issue of
which is seen as the driving force.
句子分析：
第一、句子可以拆分为三段：Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure
science at the expense of technology or vice versa / often depends on the
issue / of which is seen as the driving force.
第二、句子主干结构是：
1)表示选择意思的从句Whether the Government ...or ...究竟是……还是……作句子的主语，谓语和宾语是depends
on the issue
2)of which是宾语the issue的定语从句。
第三、词的处理：
increase the financing of pure science 增加对纯理论科学的经费投入
at the expense of technology 减少对技术经费的投入
the driving force 动力，驱动力量
完整的译文：
75)政府究竟是以减少对技术经费的投入来增加对纯理论科学的经费投入，还是相反，这往往取决于把哪一方看作是驱动力量。
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