1 as引导的特殊状语从句，翻译时作定语从句处理
例1 We hope the measures to control prices, as they have been taken by the
government, will succeed.
译文：我们希望，政府已经采取的控制物价的措施将取得成功。
例2 "In short, a leader of the new school contends, the scientific
revolution, as we call it, was largely the improvement and invention and use
of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable
directions."
［译文］：新学派的一位领袖人物坚持说："总之，我们所称之为的科学革命，主要是指一系列器具的改进、发明和使用。这些改进、发明和使用使科学发展的范围无所不及。"
2 anything but根本不；nothing but只不过是；all but几乎，差一点；除……以外其余都是；but for要不是；but
that +从句：若不是……
例1 Alone in a deserted house, he was so busy with his research work that
he felt anything but lonely.
［译文］：虽然他单独一人住在这幢房子里，但他埋头于研究工作，一点也没有感到孤独。
［注释］：句中anything but意为not at all。试对此：He seldom talked of anything but
painting.(他除了绘画很少谈到别的事情。)此句中but作介词，意为except。
例2 The method of scientific investigation is nothing but the expression of
the necessary mode of working of the human mind; it is simply the mode by
which all phenomena are reasoned about and given precise and exact
explanation.
［译文］：科学研究的方法不过是人类思维活动的必要表达方式，也就是对一切现象进行思索并给以精确而严谨的解释的表达方式。
例3 She all but fainted when she heard the news.
［译文］：她听到这一消息时几乎晕倒了。
［注释］：此句中all but意为nearly, almost。试对比：All but the little children thought
that the trip was exciting. (除了小孩，大家都认为这次旅行是激动人心的。)此句中all but意为all except。
例4 But for the rain we should have a pleasant journey.
［译文］：要不是下雨，我们的旅行本来是很愉快的。
例5 He would have helped us but that he was short of money at the time.
［译文］：若不是他那时缺钱，他是会帮助我们的。
［注释］：1) but that引导的从句中谓语用陈述语气。2) but that有灵活的译法，如：Nothing would satisfy
that child but that I place her on my lap. (那孩子什么都不要，只要我把她抱在怀里。)
3 "名词，+ or +名词"结构中or后的名词是同位语，应译为"即……；或者称……"。
例：Moreover, technology includes techniques, or ways to do things, as well
as the machines that may or may not be necessary to apply them.
［译文］：再者，除机器外技术还包括技艺，即制作方法，而运用这些技艺并不一定都需要机器。
4 "...，only to +动词"意为"……，结果却……"
例：They don't have to pay for expensive seats at the theatre, the cinema or
the opera, only to discover, perhaps, that the show is disappointing.
［译文］：他们不必花钱去戏院、电影院或歌剧院买价格很贵的戏票，结果却发现，所演的节目令人失望。
［注释］："...，only to +动词"表示与句子谓语动作的目的相反的结果。
5 not nearly (=by no means, far from)远不
例：The food supply will not increase nearly enough to match this, which
means that we are headingsintosa crisis in the matter of producing and
marketing food.
［译文］：食品供应将远远赶不上人口的增长，这就意味着我们在粮食的生产和购销方面正面临危机。
［注释］：1) this是指上面提到的"到21世纪初世界人口将增加到60亿或70亿"。2)又例：There are not nearly
enough people here to do the job. (这里的人手远远不够承担这项工作。)
6 not so much ... as ...与其说……不如说……
例1 Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of
great men of genuis as because of more ordinary things like improved
techniques and tools.
［译文］：他们说，科学的发展与其说源于天才伟人的真知灼见，不如说源于改进了的技术和工具等更为普通的东西。
例2 The conveniences that Americans desire reflect not so much a leisurely
lifestyle as busy lifestyle in which even minutes of time are too valuable
to be wasted.
［译文］：美国人所需要的各种便利条件与其说是反映一种从容不迫的生活方式，还不如说反映一种忙碌的生活方式。在这种忙碌的生活方式中甚至几分钟时间都得珍惜。
［注释］：1) not so much as连在一起写，则意为"连……都不(肯)"，如：He didn't so much as thank me
for returning his money that I found. (DAI)(我把找到的钱还给他，他却连谢都不肯谢。)
2)该句型有时也可以用not so much ... but ...如：The important thing is not so much the
actual population of the world, but its rate of
increase.(重要的与其说是世界的实际人口量，还不如说是人口的增长率。)又如：But whether their efforts can be
more effective than those of the traditional politician may depend not so
much on the presentday working scientists, but on the scientists now being
trained, i.e.
-you.(但是，他们的努力是否能比传统的政治家的努力更有成效，与其说是取决于现在正在工作的科学家，倒不如说取决于正在被培训的科学家，也就是你们。)
3)要注意"not so much ... but ..."与"not so +形容词+ but
+从句"之间的区别，后者意为"虽然……但是……"，例如：The bridge was not so crowded but the bicycles
could go through. (这桥上虽然很拥挤，但是自行车还能穿过去。)
7 much less, still
less引导的词组或从句，表示一种追加的否定。less是由little的否定意义而来的，所以这两个词组只能用于否定句中，意为"更不用说、更不必说"。to
say nothing of, not to speak of ,not to mention, let
alone这四个词组意为"更不消说"，也是一种追补的说法。但它们与much less和still
less有所不同，这些词组可以随前一句的意思而定。前一句是肯定，则追加的也是肯定意义。如果前一句是否定，则追加的也是否定意义。
例1 I could not agree to, much less participate in such proceedings.
(我不能同意这种行为，更谈不上参加这些行动了。)
例2 He knows little of mathematics, and still less of chemistry.
(他几乎不懂数学，更不用说化学了。)
例3 I did not even see him, still less(=much less) shake hands with him.
(我看也没有看见过他，哪里还谈得上同他握手呢?)
例4 In old China, there was hardly any machinebuilding industry, to say
nothing of an electronic industry. (在旧中国，几乎没有什么机器制造工业，更不用说电子工业了。)
例5 Sally takes singing and dancing lessons, to say nothing of swimming and
tennis lessons. (莎莉学了唱歌和舞蹈课，而且还学了游泳和网球课。)
例6 At that time they could not afford the ordinary comforts of life, not
to speak of luxuries. (那时他连普通生活都不能维持，更不要说奢侈品了。)
例7 They have three fine sons, not to speak of their two lovely daughters.
(他们有了3个好儿子，而且还有2个可爱的女儿。)
例8 I don't know algebra or geometry, not to mention calculus.
(我连代数几何都不懂，更不必说微积分了。)
例9 All they have to do is press a button, and they can see plays, films,
operas and shows of every kind, not to mention political discussions and the
latest exciting football
match.(他们所要做的只是按一下电钮，就能看到各种戏剧、电影、歌剧和各式各样的演出，而且还能看到各种政治辩论和最近举行的激动人心的足球赛。)
例10 I can't add two and two, let alone do
fractions.(我2加2都不会，更不用说做分数题了。)注意：〈美国成语词典〉认为let
alone只能用于追加的否定。但是，有的词典认为，该短语也可以引导追加的肯定。例如：There were five people in the car,
let alone the luggage and the two dogs. (OSD)
8 no more ... than ...和……一样都不……
例1 The heart is no more intelligent than the stomach, for they are both
controlled by the brain.
［译文］：心脏和胃一样都无智力可言，因为它们都是由大脑控制的。
例2 There is no reason they should limit how much vitamin you take, any
more than they can limit how much water you drink.
［译文］：他们没有理由限制你服用多少维他命，就像他们不能限制你喝多少水一样。
例3 More and more AfroAmericans see him as a tricky enemy who has no more
love for them than he has for the Congolese.
［译文］：越来越多的美国黑人认识到他是个诡计多端的敌人，他仇视美国黑人，正像他仇视刚果人民一样。(直译：……，他不爱美国黑人，正像他不爱刚果人一样。)
［注释］：not any more than是no more…than的一种强调形式，例如：1) Jack is no more
intelligent than John.(=Jack is not intelligent any more than
John.)杰克与约翰一样都不聪明。2) A man can no more fly than a bird can speak. (=A man
cannot fly any more than a bird can speak.)人不会飞翔，就像鸟不会说话一样。3) As a nation,
the French are no more eager to learn about their wartime failings than are
the Japanese. (=As a nation, the French are not eager to learn about their
wartime failings any more than are the
Japanese.)作为一个国家，法国正如日本一样不积极地从他们的战争失败中吸取教训。
上述例句表明，no more ...
than并不表示比较，而是表示比喻，含有比喻意义的比较级用于否定时，than后面的从句不用否定式，但译成汉语时要用否定式。
9 more ... than ...与其……不如……
例1 It seems, then, that these two branches of science are mutually
dependent and interacting, and that the socalled division between the pure
scientist and the applied scientist is more apparent than real.
［译文］：看来，这两门科学是互相依存又互相制约的，因而理论科学家和应用科学家之间的所谓区别，与其说是实际存在的，不如说是表面的。
例2 He is a man who is more brave than wise.
［译文］：他是个有勇无谋的人。
［注释］：1) more ... than常用来比较同一个人或同一个事物的两种不同特征。又如：He is more mad than stupid.
(DCE)他与其说是笨，不如说是疯。2) more than +从句(句中有can或could)实在不能……。例如：Some of the
suggestions are more than we can accept.有些建议我们实在不能接受。3) (be) more of a ...
than a ...与其说是……不如说是……，如：He is more of a politician than a
scholar.与其说他是个学者，不如说是个政客。
10 no less than简直是，实在是
例1 It is no less than blackmail to ask such a high price.
［译文］：如此索要高价，简直是敲诈。
例2 It is no less than a scandal.
［译文］：这实在是一件丑闻。
11 nothing else than完全是，实在是
例1 What the man said was nothing else than nonsense.
［译文］：那人讲的话完全是一派胡言。
例2 Your success was due to nothing else than your own diligence.
［译文］：你的成功完全是由于你自己的勤奋。
12 It is not that ... but that ...这不是说……，而是说……
例：It is not that the scales in the one case, and the balance in the other,
differ in the principles of their construction or manner of working;but that
the latter is much finer apparatus and of course much more accurate in its
measurement than the former.
［译文］：这并不是说在一种情况下所使用的磅秤和在另一种情况下所使用的天平在构造原理上或工作方式上存在差别，而是说与前者相比，后者是一种更精密得多的装置，因而在计量上必然更加准确。
13 cannot ... too ...再……也不过分，应该
例1 We cannot be too faithful to our duties.
［译文］：我们必须尽力忠于职守。
例2. You can't attach too much importance to the matter.
［译文］：你应该十分重视这件事情。
14 other ...than或other than不同于，非；除了
例1 Plants which refine crude ores are often located in countries other
than those in which the crude ores are mined.(1984年考研试题)
［译文］：提炼矿石的厂房通常不是设在采矿石的国家而设在其他国家。
例2 Reactions other than the desired one often occur when reactants are
brought together.
［译文］：当这些反应物放在一起时，常发生不希望有的一些反应(即：……常发生与希望有的反应不同的反应。)
例3 All parts of the house other than the windows were in good condition.
［译文］：除了窗之外，屋子的其他部分都完好无损。
15 "... the last + N. + to V.或定语从句"意为"……最不可能的……"
例1 She would be the last person to go along with the scheme.
［译文］：他可能会是最不同意这项计划的人。
例2 That't the last thing I'd expect you to do.
［译文］：那是我最不期望你做的事情。
16 It is asserted that ...有人断言……；It is believed that……据认为……；It is
considered that ...有人认为……；It is reported that ...据报道……；It is said that
...据说……；It is supposed that ...据推测；It is told that ...据传……。
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