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I. The words & expressions you should be able to use:
  
psychologist mutually exclusive
intuition preconception tackle
practitioner guidance counsellor
individual comely defendant
adaptive species behaviorist
postulate affiliation plausible
stimulation predictable encompass
exploratory implicate project
objectively complementary implicate
potential desirable identical
breed contempt dissimilar
personality resemble  

make friends with have a word with
in terms of as far as...is concerned
split up where...is concerned
narrow down a broad range of
have...in common by and large
do well go out of business

II. The words you need to know their meanings in Chinese only:
  
titbit  accusation
riposte hostel
monitor aesthetics
predictor ethics
pastime omen
alliance values
complementarity  obnoxious 
disparate  facet 
spouse  

III. The sentences you can paraphrase:
  
Social psychologists are used to hearing that their experiments are a waste of time because they just prove the obvious, and tell us what we always knew.

The trouble with folk-wisdom (what we always knew) is that it tends to come in pairs of statements, both of which are 'obviously ' true, but which - unfortunately - are mutually exclusive.

Why bother to study an area in which we are all expert practitioners?

And if we want to talk in terms of drives, it's just as plausible to suggest that we require a certain amount of stimulation, balanced between the predictable and the unexpected, which friends can provide.
In fact, studies of friendship seem to implicate more complex factors.

This suggests that we ought to choose friends who are similar to us ('birds of a feather') rather than those who would be complementary ('opposites attract') , a prediction which is supported by empirical evidence, at least so far as attitudes and beliefs are concerned.

It was found that similarity of attitudes (towards politics, religion and ethics, pastimes and aesthetics) was a good predictor of what friendships would be established by the end of four months, though it had less to do with initial alliances - not surprisingly, since attitudes may not be obvious on first inspection.

Similarity can breed contempt it has also been found that when we find others obnoxious, we dislike them more if they are like us than when they are dissimilar!

The difficulty of linking friendship with similarity of personality probably reflects the complexity of our personalities: we have many facets and therefore require a disparate group of friends to support us.
By and large, though, it looks as though we would do well to choose friends (and spouses) who resemble us.
 
 IV. The paragraphs you can translate into Chinese:
  
Social psychologists are used to hearing that their experiments are a waste of time because they just prove the obvious, and tell us what we always knew. But there is a very simple and effective riposte to this accusation. The trouble with folk-wisdom (what we always knew) is that it tends to come in pairs of statements, both of which are 'obviously ' true, but which - unfortunately - are mutually exclusive. For example, we all know that too many cooks spoil the broth. But wait a minute: don't many hands make light work？ Similarly with friendship: birds of a feather flock together, but what about the attraction of opposites? Experiments may not be as much fun as intuitions, but they sometimes tell us which proverbs are actually true, or (more often) in what circumstances which apply.

There is one other preconception to be removed before tackling the question of whom we like and love, whom we find attractive and make friends with. Why bother to study an area in which we are all expert practitioners? Surely we can all make friends and organise social relationships naturally, without any assistance from behavioural scientists? Well, if you believe that, have a word with a marriage guidance counsellor, a psychiatrist, or someone involved in industrial relations.

There have also been studies of pairings, both voluntary (married couples) and forced (student roommates), to see which remained together and which split up. Again, the evidence seems to favour similarity rather than complementarity as an omen of a successful relationship, though there is a complication: where marriage is concerned, once the field has been narrowed down to potential mates who come from similar backgrounds and share a broad range of attitudes and values, a degree of complementarity seems to become desirable. When a couple are not just similar but almost identical, something else seems to be needed. Similarity can breed contempt it has also been found that when we find others obnoxious, we dislike them more if they are like us than when they are dissimilar!

The difficulty of linking friendship with similarity of personality probably reflects the complexity of our personalities: we have many facets and therefore require a disparate group of friends to support us. This of course can explain why we may have two close friends who have little in common and indeed dislike each other. By and large, though, it looks as though we would do well to choose friends (and spouses) who resemble us. If this were not so, computer dating agencies would have gone out of business years ago.
 
V. The grammatical items you should learn to apply:
  
Preposition and article

exclude
  
exclude v.
l. to shut out; to keep from entering
The apartment building excludes pets.
2. to prevent from sharing or taking part in something
After the scandal he was excluded from the club.
His poor grade in math excluded him from the honor roll.
3. to leave out of consideration
We cannot exclude the possibility that he was lying.

 exclusive adj.
l. leaving out, shutting out (used predicatively)
"These two statements are mutually exclusive" means that they cannot both be true.
2. admitting only a select group restricted to one or a few; not shared sole Special articles exclusive to the magazine are included in every issue.
He is the exclusive owner of the house.
 
exclusion n.
the act of excluding
The court ruled that the exclusion of women from the school was illegal.
to the exclusion of: so as to leave out
Vocabulary acquisition should not be stressed to the exclusion of other parts of the language system.

apply
  
apply v.
1. to request officially
For further information, apply to the Secretary of the Company.
He applied to be transferred to another department.
2. to bring or put into use
They will apply the money to build (OR: building) a little library.
An ax is used to apply force to wood.
3. to concern or be relevant to
These regulations apply to everyone without exception.
4. to put on, spread on
He applied some medicine to his wound.
 
application n.
1. formal request
Have you sent in your application for a place at the university ?
2. the use of something for some purpose
The application of what you know will help you solve new problems.
3. the putting of one thing onto another, especially medicine onto the skin
The application of this cream to your face is supposed to make you look younger.
 
applied adj.
put to practical use, rather than simply theoretical
His interest inclines more to applied than theoretical science.
 
applicable adj.
suitable for, proper, correct
Yesterday's solutions are not always applicable to today's problems.

remove
  
remove v.
1. to take or move away
They removed extra chairs after the meeting.
The air has been removed from between the two pipes.
2. to take off
He removed his coat when he entered the house.
3. to get rid of, to clean off
Charlie's tonsils were removed last month.
He tried to remove her fears by telling her what would happen.
4. to dismiss
The new managing director removed Michael from his position as head of the Sales Division.
 
removal n.
the act of removing or the state of being removed, especially the moving of furniture to a new house
Erown's removal as head of the company was the result of local politics.
Romovals are unpleasant, but it will be nice when you get into the new house.

confirm
  
confirm v.
1. to support, make certain, give proof to
Would you confirm your order in writing?
2. to give approval to, to agree to
The king confirmed him as minister of foreign affairs.
Congress confirmed the President's appointment of the new ambassador to Peru.
3. to make (a person) more firm (in a belief, an attitude, etc.)
Success confirms him in his resolution to work hard.
 
confirmation n.
1. the act of confirming
We have had the government's confirmation of the plans.
2. proof; something that confirms
The evidence gave confirmation of his theory.

1. befriending 
　making friends
2. social psychologists 
　Social psychology is a branch of psychology, which studies interrelations between individuals, between individuals and groups, and between the individual and society. Because of its practical value, many industrial, political, and military organizations, which have a crucial need to understand human behavior, have established a special section for this subject.
3. Social psychologists are used to hearing ... a waste of time 
　The implied meaning is: we often say social psychologists are always wasting their time because they do not tell us anything interesting or new.
4. what we always knew 
　what we already know
5. riposte 
　(very formal) a quick and clever reply; retort; (here) denial
6. folk-wisdom 
　intuitive knowledge of common people which has not yet been scientifically verified
7. come in pairs of statements 
　exist/be expressed in the form of two (often contradictory) remarks
　"in" means "in the form of":
　They stood in a circle talking,
　Shoes are sold in pairs.
　I'll pay you in U.S. dollars.
8. mutually exclusive 
　If one is true, the other must be false.
9. Too many cooks spoil the broth 
　(proverb) Work is done badly because too many people are doing it.
10. Many hands make light work 
　(proverb) A task is made easier if many people share the work.
11. Birds of a feather flock together 
　(proverb) Like attracts like.
12. experiments 
　social psychological experiments, which are usually boring and require hard work; scientific conclusions
13. as much fun as 
　as amusing/enjoyable as
14. intuitions 
　the part of our knowledge that is not based on scientific findings. This refers back to such previously stated things as "proverbs," "folk wisdom," "what is obvious" and "what we always knew."
15. preconception 
　prejudice; false belief. "Pre-" mean you form (conceive) a biased notion about something before you learn enough to from a fair idea about it
16. the question of ... make friends with 
　the question of befriending
17. an area 
　the area of befriending
18. expert practitioners 
　We are experts in the area of befriending, because we all make friends and have had experience and developed skill at it.
　practitioner: a person who regularly practises (participates in) a particular activity
19. behavioural scientists 
　Sciences which study the behaviour of men and animals are called behavioural sciences. All social sciences, including social psychology are behavioural sciences. Here, "behavioural scientists" is a substitute word for "social psychologists."
20. counsellor 
　adviser. "Counsel" is advice, e.g.
　He gave us wise counsel.
　A counsellor is someone who gives professional advice, e.g.(as here) advice on matters of marriage.
21. industrial relations 
　(the handling of) the relations between industrial employers (managers) and their employees. Industrial relations form a major subdivision of industrial psychology, which studies human behavior in relation to the working environment, and is concerned with such matters as the increase of efficiency, the wellbeing of individual workers, and scientific management. Obviously, industrial relations bear directly on social psy- chology.
　"Someone involved in industrial relations" most likely means, in this context, an expert in industrial relations, that is, a social psychologist.
22. has always been on the right side 
　has always been a friend
23. physically attractive 
　pleasing in appearance; good-looking; or to us a rather old-fashioned word by the author, comely
24. titbits 
　interesting pieces of information
25. don't tell us much more 
　don't tell us much more than we already know; hardly throw any new light (on the nature of friendship)
26. social attraction 
　the bringing together of men or animals. Note that the word "friendship" applies only to humans.
27. adaptive function 
　purpose of fitting a species to its environment. The sentence after the colon actually explains this expression.
28. behaviourists 
　Behaviourism is a school of psychology in opposition to mentalism. Behaviourists believe that it is unscientific to study mental processes which are not directly observable or measurable. They advocate studying the psychology of men or animals by describing and explaining their behaviours, which they believe are outward manifestations of mental activities. Mentalists, by contrast, contend that mental processes exist independently of behaviour and, rather, can influence behaviour.
　Behaviourists seek to explain behaviour entirely in terms of responses to environmental stimuli. B.F. Skinner, American psychologist and leading exponent of behaviourism, for example, designed an experiment called "Skinner Box." He put rats in an isolated box with two levers in it,If the rat pressed the first lever, some food would drop into the box. If it pressed the second lever,it would get itching powder thrown over it. It turned out that after a number of tries, the rats were capable of learning to press the first lever systematically.
　On the basis of this type of animal behaviour, Skinner proposed the stimulus-response theory. In the experiment, for example, the hunger drive of the rats or some other accidental event might have provided the original stimulus. Their behaviour of pressing the lever was their response to that stimulus. The falling of food into the box was another stimulus. The rats' response to this second stimulus would be to press the same lever again. Skinner attached great significance to this second stimulus, and termed it "positive reinforcement," because it was something expected, and it rewarded the rats' response of pressing the lever and increases the possibility of its recurrence. If, as in the other case, itching powder fell in, then this stimulus was termed "negative reinforcement," because it was something unpredicted, and it punished the rats' previous response with the result that they would stop pressing that same lever again.
　Skinner further argued that if we systematically manipulated reinforcements, we could control or "condition" the rats' behaviour. He called this deliberate and systematic attempt at behavioural control "operant conditioning." Later, he extended his analysis of animal behaviour to human behaviour, and his techniques derived from operant conditioning have proved useful in psychiatry, educational psychology and industrial psychology.
29. affilliation drive 
　inborn urge for alliance /attachment
　All biological drives have an adaptive function, i.e., they are for the purpose of survival. We are all famillar with hunger, thirst, and sex drives, which urge us to seek for food, water, or a sexual partner. Now behaviourists say that the desire for social alliance is analogous to the desire for food etc., and is also motivated by a biological drive, to which they give the new name "affiliation drive."
　drive: a strong instinctual need, a motivating physiological condition of the organism, e.g.
　This hormone is mainly responsible for our sex drive (libido).
30. affiliative behaviour 
　(behaviour of) social attraction
31. properties 
　qualities; features
32. I doubt whether ... is really much influenced by... 
　The implied meaning is "I believe it is not influenced by ..." Compare the following sentences:
　I do not know whether he is well or not.(I am not sure either way.)
　I do not know whether he is well.(I personally think he is sick.)
　I do not know whether he is not well. (I personally think he is all right.)
33. we require a certain amount of stimulation ... can provide 
　We make friends because they can provide us with stimuli, which are sometimes predictable or as expected, and sometimes unexpected. The author is referring to the theory of behaviourism. In the Skinner Box experiment, the food was something the rats expected, and it served as the positive reinforcement, which made the rats press the same lever again. By contrast, the itching powder was something unexpected, which stopped the rats from pressing the same lever again. There is a similar case in human friendship. If those we make friends with give us the expected emotional support (positive reinforcements),we will remain friends with them. If instead, they give us emotional disturbance (negative reinforcement), which we do not expect, then we will break up our affiliation with them. This stimulation, which friends can provide, is explained in more concrete terms in the next paragraph as the support of our self-image and the confirmation of the validity of our attitudes.
34. encompassed 
　included; covered. The author means the term "curiosity/exploratory drive" is wider in range, and can well cover the meaning of "affiliation drive." This last sentence is closely connected with the previous one - If we are to use the term "drive", I suggest we use "curiosity" or "exploratory" drive instead of "affiliation" drive, because we are curious to know from our friends, for example, the true image of ourselves and the true value of our beliefs, or in other words, we are exploring these matters. Therefore, the word "curiosity" or "exploratory" better reveals the nature of our drive to make friends.
35. Studies of friendship seem to implicate more complex factors 
　Studies of friendship seem to indicate that more complex factors are involved in the nature of friendship; that the nature of friendship is more complex than the concept of drive can explain. 　As we see from ". . .if we want to talk in terms of drives...," the author resists explaining 　　friendship in terms of a drive; he wants to explain it in terms of stimulation.
　implicate: show to be involved (usually in something bad, such as a crime)
　This evidence implicated them in the robbery. (It shows their involvement in the robbery.)
　The suspect's confession implicated his girl friend. (His statements suggested his girl friend had taken part in the crime.)
36. it supports the image ... attitudes we hold 
　If certain people make friends with us, this proves that we are good people, which we like to believe ourselves to be, and that our views and beliefs are shared by other people and so have true worth. This is no different from saying friendship provides positive stimulation (reinforcement).
37. complementary 
　What one has is what the other lacks; they possess mutually supporting attributes.
38. empirical evidence 
　evidence gathered from observable facts and experiments, as opposed to theoretical deduction or intuition,
39. at least as far as attitudes and beliefs are concerned 
　Although we do not have enough empirical evidence to speak definitely of other aspects, we have sufficient evidence to be quite sure that friends are similar to each other at least in these two aspects - attitude and belief.
40. monitored 
　closely watched
41. hostel 
　a large supervised house which has beds and rooms that people can rent cheaply
42. by the end of four months 
　by the end of the first term (semester)
43. it had less to do with initial alliances 
　Similarity of attitudes had less influence on the grouping of students who had only just met each other, or had only just got to know each other.
44. since attitudes may not be obvious on first inspection 
　Because people may not know each other's attitudes very well when they are new acquaintance; attitudes may not be seen clearly at first sight.
45. pairings 
　cases in which two people are allied with each other. The verbal noun comes from the verb "pair," which means "form into pairs," as in "Birds often pair for life."
46. student roommates 
　Two students come to share the same room through arbitrary arrangement, therefore their alliance is forced rather than of their own choice.
47. an omen 
　a predictor
48. where marriage is concerned 
　in cases of marriage
49. once the field ... to potential mates 
　when we reduce our research area to only couples who are likely to get married
50. values 
　moral principles and beliefs
51. Similarity can breed ... when they are dissimilar 
　This sentence explains why a certain degree of complementarity is desirable.
52. obnoxious 
　unpleasant; loathsome; disgusting
53. we dislike them more if ... they are dissimilar 
　When friends are similar, the quarrels between them may be more bitter than if they are dissimilar to each other.
54. The difficulty of linking ... complexity of our personalities 
　It is difficult to draw a parallel between friendship and similarity of personality. This may be because our personality is a many-sided (complex) phenomenon. We may sometimes miss the side(s) of personality which friends have in common, and notice the side(s) in which they differ, and consequently, may draw the wrong conclusion that friends do not share similar personalities.
55. facets 
　aspects; sides
56. by and large 
　on the whole; generally speaking
57. we would do well to choose 
　we ought to choose
　When used to refer to a past event, "do well to do something" suggests good luck:
　You did well to leave the country before the war broke out. (It was well done of you/It was lucky for you to have left the country before the war broke out.)
　The phrase means "ought to do something", or "it would be wise (for somebody) to do something" 　when the speaker uses it to offer advice for future action:
　You would do well to say nothing about what happened.
58. computer dating agency 
　an organization which makes matches between a man and a woman who are previously unknown to each other, and arrange dates for them with a view to their possible marriage. The matchmaking is done primarily on the basis of the similarity of data processed by computers. 

I. Comprehension
  
A. Answer the following questions.

1. What is the common criticism against the experiments conducted by social psychologists ?
2. Does the author think that such experiments are necessary ?
3. Why, according to some people, is the research into the reasons for friendship unnecessary ?
4. What has the research on friendship demonstrated ?
5. Why does the writer think that we need friends ?
6. Supply the missing parts of the following syllogism, which the writer uses to argue that affiliation drive is not a biological one:
Major premise: 
Minor premise: 
Conclusion: Affiliation drive is influenced by adaptive considerations.
7. What is the misunderstanding we tend to make about our friends ?
8. What does the experiment conducted on students living in a hostel suggest ?
9. What else is needed when there is enough common ground between two friends or between husband and wife ?
1O. Why do we sometimes have two friends who have little in common ?

B. Do the following multiple-choice exercises.

1. But although affiliative behaviour shares some of the properties associated with biological drives, I doubt whether our desire to make friends is really much influenced by adaptive considerations. By "biological drives", the author means   a. biological energy.
 b. the animal instincts which spur us to do what we do.
 c. something which drives us together.
 d. our human desire which drives us together.

2. In fact, studies of friendship seem to implicate more complex factors. This sentence means that   a. studies of friendship involve more complex factors.
 b. studies of friendship imply that there are more complex factors.
 c. studies of friendship show that there are some more complex factors.
 d. studies of friendship are very complicated.

3. This suggests that we ought to choose friends who are similar to us ... rather than those who would be complementary ...
　 Here, "those who would be complementary" means   a. those who would flatter us.
 b. those who would try to attract us from the opposite side.
 c. those who have some qualities which we do not have and thus would be able to help us.
 d. those who are different from us and would oppose us.

4. Similarity can breed contempt. The sentence most probably means   a. similarity can sometimes be turned into contempt.
 b. people with similar backgrounds dislike each other.
 c. It is possible for people with similar background to have contempt for each other.
 d. The similarity in our backgrounds, instead of attracting us to each other, tends to estrange us from each other.

5. If it were not so, computer dating agencies would have gone out of business years ago. The sentence means   a. if it were not so, computer dating agencies would not have been so busy years ago.
 b. if it were not so, there would not have been any couple who got married through computer dating agencies.
 c. if it were not so, there would not have been any computer dating agencies at all.
 d. if it were not so, computer dating agencies would not have been so prosperous these years.

II. Vocabulary
  
A. For each of the words listed below, choose the one which is the closest in meaning.

1. wisdom   a. distant land
 b. great learning
 c. religion

2. voluntary   a. done by choice
 b. done by force
 c. done by accident

3. establish   a. be responsible
 b. check over
 c. set up for

4. obvious   a. filled up
 b. easily seen
 c. rude

5. adaptation   a. taking charge
 b. developing ability
 c. changing to fit

6. affiliate   a. distinguish
 b. associate
 c. separate

7. encompass   a. include
 b. follow
 c. defeat

8. plausible   a. distorted
 b. simplified
 c. believable

9. postulate   a. summarize
 b. put forward a hypothesis
 c. salute

10. project   a. attribute ...to
 b. throw
 c. pat.

B. Replace the italicized words with simple, everyday words.

1. But there is a very simple and an effective riposte to this accusation.
2. There is one other preconception to be removed before tackling the question...
3. But although affiliative behaviour shares some of the properties associated with biological drives, I doubt...
4. On this analysis, affiliation would be encompassed by a more general curiosity or exploratory drive.
5. In one experiment, some developing friendships were monitored amongst first-year students...
6. ...attitudes may not be obvious on first inspection.
7. ...it has also been found that when we find others obnoxious, we dislike them more if they are like us than when they are dissimilar.
8. ...we have many facets and therefore require a disparate group of friends to support us.

C. Choose the right word from the list given below for each blank.

in terms of tackle go out of business
have a word with confirm monitor plausible
associate with desirable narrow down

1. A lot of small grocers have  since the advent of the supermarkets.
2. His parents told him not to  John.
3. The contest has been  to four competitors.
4. The rumour that John had been a spy was later by an old document.
5. Everyone has his own problems to  .
6. His argument sounds very  .
7. He the whole TV debate to be sure the contestants got equal coverage.
8. For that job it is  to know something about medicine .
9. Mary promised to  John about it.
1O. The children ate a great many hot dogs at the party.
　  money, they ate $20 worth.

D. Translate the following sentences into English, using the words and expressions given.

split up establish favour
range plausible tackle
associate where... is concerned have a word with
by and large    

E. Word formation

Form adjectives by adding -ible or -able to the following.
eg: desire - desirable

1. suit   8. peace  
2. move   9. work  
3. fashion   1O. compare  
4. comprehend   11. agree  
5. sense   12. neglect  
6. compress   13. permit  
7. diffuse   14. receive  
  
F. Vocabulary revision

Translate the following by using the words given.
fast raid 1ure diminish phrase
1．雨量不足使水的供应减少了。
 
2．谁要因大吃大喝(feast)而生病，在他身体恢复前必须禁食。
 
3．显然他没有听懂我在讲什么，所以我力图用简单的语言来解释。
 
4．三个盗贼对泰勒先生的珍宝店发动了一次突然抢劫。
 
5．他和她结婚，是因为他禁不住她金钱的引诱。

III. Word Study
  
A. Translate the following by using the words in WORD STUDY.

1．客人的名单里有史密斯夫妇，但没有布朗夫妇。
 
2．这篇报导是这家报纸的独家新闻。
 
3．他太喜欢电影了，因而排除了其他一切的娱乐形式。
 
4．他已经申请加入中国共产党了。
 
5．那些适用于空气的规律也适用于其他气体。
 
6．这块烧伤的地方需要涂软膏一日三次。
 
7．为了使这种反应能发生，必须从气体中去掉热量。
 
8．我们要想尽一切办法来消除他们的疑虑。
 
9．这个独裁者给免去了权力之后，送去流放了。
 
10．消息尚未得到官方证实。
 
11．这位烈士被追认为中国共产党员。
 
12．我们等待着进一步确证该消息。
 
B. Word study revision

a. Rewrite the following sentences by using the words given.

Admit wonder deny provoke exhaust

1. The prominent social figure refused to give the reporters an interview.
 
2. They fen silent after they had said all there was to say about the subject.
 
3. Large tankers and freighters can dock in this harbour.
 
4. Her constant nagging made him angry.
 
5. It's surprising that he should have passed the examination.
 
IV. Grammar (preposition and article)
  
A. Fill in the blanks with the proper form(s) of the verbs.

1. The family  separated during the war. (be)
2. The Chinese people  a great people. (be)
3. The delegation  composed of ten scientists. (be)
4. The crowd  dispersed by the policemen. (be)
5. The audience  applauding for an encore. (be)
6. The jury  discussing the case. (be)

B. Do the following multiple-choice questions.

1. "Where does Henry live ?"
　 "He lives ___ the corner of 12th and Elm streets.   a. in  b. to  c. of  d. on

2. "Where do you live ?"
　 "I live ___ Third Street !"   a. to  b. at  c. on  d. of

3. "How can I increase my vocabulary ?"
　 "One of the best ways is ____ reading."  a. in  b. for  c. from  d. by

4. You must not absent yourself___ the class under any circumstances.  a. in  b. during  c. at  d. from

5. The boy was apprenticed___ Mr Smith, a carpenter by trade.  a. for  b. under  c. at  d. to

6. Let me assure yon of my good intentions___ your daughter.  a. for  b. with  c. in  d. towards

7. I appeal to you for mercy___ the prisoner.  a. with  b. On  c. in  d. for

8. Do not bicker__ trifles or squabble among yourselves.  a. on  b. for  c. over  d. at

9. I must congratulate him on his success __ the examinations.   a. at  b. in  c. during  d. with

1O. We confronted the murderer with the body, __ his utter dismay.   a. in  b. at  c. against  d. to

C. Fill in the blanks with proper prepositions or adverbial particles.

1. Please help me  my coat.
2. He was  and  again after lying in bed for three weeks.
3. "I bought the pen  two dollars" means "I paid two dollars  the pen."
4. His honesty is  suspicion.
5. This train is  time. (is late)
6. The house was burned  last night.
7. I don't feel  dancing today.
8. The girl has a gift  music, so her parents decided to make a singer  her.
9. You walk far too fast, I can't keep  you.
1O. I will do this for you  fail.

D. Do the multiple-choice cloze:

1. Dalton wondered why the heavier and lighter gases _l_ the atmosphere did not separate _2_ oil and water do. He finally concluded that _3_ constituent gases must exist _4_the form of tiny particles or atoms and that these must be completely mixed together in _5_ atmosphere. This threw _6_ light on the laws _7_ definite proportions. It was only necessary to suppose that _8_ atoms could combine _9_ small groups of uniform structure and so form more complex substances, thus _10 mystery of this law was solved. Dalton suggested, for example, that carbon monoxide is formed _11_ the one with one pairing_12_ the atoms carbon and oxygen, while carbon dioxide results 13 a single atom of carbon uniting__14_ two atoms of oxygen. Assuming this to be true, then_15_ definite proportions of proust's law _16_ all chemical compounds _17_ different constituents that always enter _18_ unvarying proportions would naturally reveal the relative weights__19_ the many different kinds of atoms.

1. a. on  b. in  c. above  d. under
2. a. like  b. as  c. before  d. unless
3. a. __  b. the  c. some  d. these
4. a. in  b. at  c. from  d. to
5. a. _  b. an  c. the  d. some
6. a. _  b. a  c. the  d. any
7. a. in  b. about  c. of  d. on
8. a. _  b. these  c. the  d. some
9. a. like  b. into  c. from  d. for
1O. a. _  b. a  c. the  d. some
11. a. from  b. into  c. by  d. for
12. a. _  b. of  c. from  d. into
13. a. into  b. front  c. of  d. to
14. a. in  b. into  c. at  d. with
15. a. _  b. these  c. in  d. the
16. a. in  b. of  c. by  d. about
17. a. _  b. those  c. of  d. the
18. a. at  b. between  c. from  d. in
19. a. on  b. of  c. for  d. in
      
2. My sister and I had cherished fine dreams_1_ a home in the city, but when the Alcott family found itself in a small house _2_ the South End with not a tree_3_ sight, only a backyard to play_4__, and no money to buy any of the splendours _5_ us, we children all rebelled and longed for the country again.
Anna soon found little pupils, and trudged _6_ each morning to her daily task, pausing _7_ the corner to wave her hand to me _8 _answers to my salute with the duster. My father went to his class _9_ his room downtown, mother to her all-absorbing poor, the little girl _1O_ school, and I, Louisa, was left to keep _11_ house, feeling like a caged sea-gull as I washed _12 dishes and cooked in the basement kitchen where my prospect was limited _13_ a procession of muddy boots.
Good drill, but very hard, and my only consolation was the evening reunion when an met with such varied reports of _14_ days' adventures, we could not fail to find both _15_ amusement and instruction.
Father brought news from the upper world, and the wise, good people who adorned it; mother, usually much dilapidated because she would give _16_ her clothes, with sad tales of suffering and sin _17_ the darker side of life; gentle Anna gave a modest account of her success _18_ a teacher, for even at seventeen her sweet nature won all who knew her, and her patience quelled _19_ most rebellious pupils.
My reports were usually a mixture of the tragic and the comic, and the children poured their small joys and woes_20_ the family bosom where comfort and sympathy were always to be found.

1. a. of  b. for  c. after  d. in
2. a. of  b. in  c. at  d. to
3. a. before  b. out of  c. in  d. at
4. a. with  b. in  c. out  d. away
5. a. for  b. before  c. on  d. about
6. a. on  b. off  c. away  d. out
7. a. on  b. in  c. to  d. at
8. a. as  b. in  c. for  d. at
9. a. in  b. at  c. around  d. about
1O. a. to  b. for c. towards  d. about
11. a._  b. a  c. the  d. our
12. a._  b. the  c. our  d. some
13. a. in  b. to  c. at  d. from
14. a._  b. a  c. the  d. our
15. a._  b. the  c. our  d. one's
16. a. up  b. out  c. off  d. away
17. a. in  b. from  c. to  d. within
18. a. after  b. before  c. in  d. as
19. a._  b. the  c. her  d. those
20. a. in  b. into  c. out of  d. on

V. Writing
  
A. Answer each of the following questions in about 100 to 200 words.

1. Do you choose friends who are similar to you or those who are complementary ? Why ?
2. What do yon believe is the reason to make friends ?

VI. Topics for Oral Work
  
A. Is it still necessary to make a study of friendship since all of us are very good at making friends ?

B. Why does the author say that similarity can bread contempt ?

C. From your own experience of making friends, describe how you make friends.

VII. Comprehensive Exercises
  
A. Translate the following proverbs into Chinese.

1. A friend is a second self.
2. A true friend is one soul in two bodies.
3. Be slow in choosing a friend, slower in changing.
4. Misfortune tests the sincerity of friends.
5. He who touches pitch will be defiled.
6. A man should keep his friendship in constant repair.
7. First impressions are most lasting.
8. All are not friends who speak us fair.
9. Love begets love.
10. Love cannot be compelled.
11. Love asks faith, and faith asks firmness.
12. The course of true love never did run smooth.
 
B.Follow the model in A, EXERCISE II. (Vocabulary) and compose a vocabulary multiple-choice with the words given.

preconception values
personality omen
defendant riposte
complementary counselor
titbit intuition 

I. Comprehension

A.
6. Major premise: All biological drives are influenced by adaptive consideration.
Minor premise: Affiliation drive is a biological one. The major premise is correct, but the minor premise is wrong, and so the conclusion is wrong. By the way, "... syllogism, with which the writer uses to argue that .." should be rephrased into either". . . syllogism, which ..." or ". . . syllogism, with which the writer argues that . . ."

B.
1. b
2. c (cf. explanatory note 36)
3. c
4. c
5. d

II. Vocabulary

A.
1. b 2. a 3.c 4. b 5. c 6. b 7. a 8. c 9. b 10. a

B.
1. denial/refutation (followed by "of"), charge
2. misconception/misunderstanding, dealing with
3. connected with
4. included/covered
5. closely watched/closely observed
6. at first sight
7. unpleasant/nasty/annoying
8. sides, dissimilar ("Different" may strike one as meaning "another group.")

C.
1. gone out of business
2. associate with
3. narrowed down
4. confirmed
5. tackle
6. plausible
7. monitored
8. desirable
9. have a word with
10. In terms of

D.
1. There are some disavantages in living in the country/ rural area, but, by and large, we like it/country life.
2. I had a chance/was able to have a word with him when we met accidentally/ran into each other at the drugstore/grocery the other day.
3. I don't want my name to be associated with such things.
4. For (the sake of) convenience, the teacher split the class up into five groups.
5. The municipal government decided to tackle the problem of environmental pollution next year.
6. The book established his fame/reputation as a great patriotic poet.
7. He has a broad/wide range of interests, including music, painting, philately/stamp-collecting and so on.
8. His explanation sounds plausible, but in fact it amounts to nothing/does not stand (up to) any argument/does not hold water.
9. 1 am sure the defendant/accused is guilty, but the evidence available now seems to favour him/but he seems to be favoured by the evidence gathered so far.
10. We will never give in/make concessions where our principles are concerned.

E.
The adjective suffixes -able or -ible can be added to (1) transitive verbs, meaning "able to be V-ed" (drinkable) or "apt to V" (suitable); (2) intransitive verbs. meaning "able to V" (workable); (3) (-able only) nouns, meaning "being in a particular state or having a particular quality" (fashionable; peaceable; reasonable).
1. suitable　　　2. moveable/movable
3. fashionable　 4. comprehensible
5. sensible　　　6. compressible
7. diffusible　　8. peaceable (disliking quarrelling)
9. workable　　　10. comparable
11. agreeable　　12. negligible
13. permissible　14. receivable (acceptable)

F.
1. Lack of rainfall/Insufficient rainfall diminished the water supply/the supply of water.
2. He who feasts till he is sick must fast till he is well/ Feast today makes fast tomorrow (proverb).
3. Apparently he did not understand what I was saying, so I tried to phrase my explanation in simple language.
4. Three robbers male a raid on/raided Mr. Taylor's jewellery shop.
5. He married her because he could not resist the lure of her money.

III. Word Study

A.
1. The guest list included the Smiths but excluded the rowns.
2. The story/news report is exclusive to this newspaper.
3. He liked the movie to the exclusion of all other amusements/ of any other entertainment.
4. He has applied for membership of/to join the Communist Party of China.
5. The laws that apply to air apply/are applicable to other gases.
6. The burn needs an application of ointment./ Ointment should be applied to the burn three times a day.
7. In order that such a reaction may be possible/for such a reaction to take place, heat must be removed from the gas.
8. We must do all we can/try our best to remove their doubts/misgivings.
9. After his removal/being removed/he was removed from power, the dictator was sent into exile.
10. The news has not yet been officially confirmed.
11. The martyr was later confirmed as a member of the Chinese Communist Party.
12. We are waiting for confirmation of the news/for the news to be confirmed.

B.
1. ... figure denied the reporters ...
2. ... had exhausted the subject.
3. ... can be admitted into this ... /This harbour admits large tankers and freighters.
4. ... nagging provoked him. ("To anger" is unnecessary.)
5. It's wonder that he passed ...

IV. Grammar (preposition and article)

A.
1. was 2. Is/are 3. is 4. was 5. was/were 6. is/are

B.
1. d
　 "In" is used for corners of less than 180 degrees,
　e.g.
　There was a chair in each corner of the room. When two streets cross, they form four corners, each of which 270 degrees. Therefore, "on" (sometimes "at" in British English) is used.
2. c
3. d
4. d
5. d
6. d
7. b
　cf. I'd have no mercy on them.
　He showed mercy to his enemies and let them live.
8. c
9. b
　From "succeed in (doing) something", e.g.
She wished him success in his new job.
10. d
　We showed the murderer the dead body, and that destroyed his hope of avoiding any charge against him.

C.
1. on with/off with/out of
　cf. Frith helped me into my coat.
2. up, about
　leave the bed and be able to walk.
　cf. out and about: leave the house and walk outside
3. for, for
4. beyond/above
5. behind
6. down
7. like;
8. for, of
　train her to be a singer. "Make a kind of person of sb" is to train sb to be that kind of person, e.g.
　You'll never make a musician of that boy.
　Will Mary be able to make a faithful husband of Jim?
9. up, with
10. without

D.
　1. John Dalton (1766-1844), British chemist and physicist who revived the atomic theory of matter. The original idea of matter being made up of tiny, indivisible particles was first proposed by Greek philosophers as early as the 5th century B.C., but was not accepted by Aristotle and therefore was ignored for centuries. Modern atomic theory began with Dalton, who proposed (1808) that all atoms of an element have exactly the same size and weight, and that atoms of elements unite chemically in simple numerical ratios to form compounds.
Joseph Louis Proust (1754-1826), French chemist who established the law of definite proportions, which states that every compound always contains the same elements in the same proportion by weight.

1. b 2. b 3. d 4. a 5. c 6. a 7. c 8. c 9. b 10. c 11. c 12. b 13. b 14. d 15. d 16. a 17. c 18. d 19. b

　Certain parts of the passage may have been altered in the process of typesetting, resulting in some rather clumsy sentences. On the last but one line of page 218, for example, a semicolon needs to be inserted before "thus" to break up what is in fact two sentences. On the first line of the next page, "the one with one pairing of atoms carbon and oxygen" is better written as "the one-with-one pairing of atoms of carbon and oxygen," or "he one-with-one pairing of carbon and oxygen atoms." The last sentence could be made much clearer by recasting it into: "Assuming this to be true, then Proust's law of definite proportions, which states that different constituents always enter a chemical compound in unvarying proportions, would naturally reveal the relative weights of the many different kinds of atoms."

1. a 2. b 3. c 4. b 5. a 6. b 7. d 8. b 9. a 10. a 11. c 12. b 13. b 14. d 15. a 16. d 17. a 18. d 19. c 20. b

Notes:
1. the Alcott family: the author's family
2. all-absorbing: occupying all her attention my prospect was limited to a procession of muddy boots: From the basement window, I could only get a limited view, and saw the legs and boots of people coming and going continually.
4. with such varied reports ..., we could not fail ... : with such varied reports that we could not fail. . .
5. who adorned it: who made the upper world more attractive and dignified
6. dilapidated: in shabby clothes

VII. Comprehensive Exercises

A.
1. 一个朋友就是另一个我自己。
2. 真正的朋友好似两个身子长着一颗心。 (by Aristotle)
3. 选择朋友要审慎，摒弃更要审慎。 (by Benjamin Franklin)
4. 患难见友情。/患难识知交。
5. 近墨者黑。
6. 一个人应该经常调整和维护他的友谊。 (by Samual Johnson)
7. 最初的印象最为持久。/先人为主。 (by Charles Dickens)
8. 恭维我们者未必皆朋友。
9. 爱爱相生。 (The more one loves others, the more love one receives.)
10. 爱情不能强求。/ 强扭的瓜不甜。 (by Geoffrey Chaucer)
11． 爱情要求忠诚，忠诚要求坚贞。 (by George Herbert)
12. 好事多磨。/ 情场无坦途。 (by William Shakespeare)