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I. The words & expressions you should be able to use:
acknowledge unfold portray
collapse subsequent harmonize
intensify characterization unevenness
cumbersome imaginative fuse
subtlety irony striking
stylistic triangle destiny
frustrate coincidence credible
detract epitomize convention
justify decay conceive
delicacy dignity obscure
flaw decrease conservative
convert lifelike symbolise
in part e characteristic of
spring from at work
act upon at the hand of
load the dice compensate for
be subjected to to a fault
in panic be hard up
look into come over
at the sight of at a time
feel like as it were
before long not a quarter
to some extent be liable to
go to the dogs take off
intense
intense adj.
very great (in quality or feeling)
She felt intense sorrow over what had happened.
The intense heat of the furnace was almost unbearable.
intensely adv.
very much
I dislike that sort of behaviour intensely.
intensify v.
to make or become greater, stronger, more intense, etc.
A flat refusal would cause the union leaders to intensify their demands.
The sound intensifies.
intensity n.
the quality of being intense
There are few strong situations or moments of dramatic intensity.
The heat continues with increased intensity.
character
character n.
1.the set of features or qualities (good and bad) that make someone or something different from others; nature;type
There are some serious defects in his character.
They changed the whole character of the house by adding an extra room.
2. a person in a play, novel, etc.
Hamlet and Othello are two of Shakespeare's greatest characters.
He is a character actor.
characteristic adj.
typical (of a person, etc.)
It is characteristic of him to tip generously.
characteristic n.
a typical character
They have one characteristic in common.
characterize v.
l. to be typical of
A rabbit is characterized by its long ears.
2. to describe the character of
She characterized him as fat, weak and indecisive.
characterization n.
the act or the practice of characterizing
Charles Dickens is famous for characterization.
imagine
imagine v.
l. to form a picture in the mind
I can imagine the scene clearly in my mind.
Can you imagine Uncle Sam riding a bicycle ?
2. to think, to suppose
He imagines that people don't like him.
imaginary adj.
existing only in mind or imagination; not real
Most people believe that ghosts and monsters are imaginary.
An imaginary plan exists only in someone's imagination.
imaginative adj.
having or created with imagination
An imaginative plan is one that shows the planner's powers of imagination.
Fairy tales are imaginative.
imagination n.
l. the ability to form mental pictures
It does not take mach imagination to realize that.
2. something only imagined and not real
No one moved in the bushes; it was only your imagination.
coincide
coincide v.
l. to happen at the same time or during the same period of time
Her arrival coincides with his departure.
The rise of the church coincides with the decline of the Roman Empire.
2. to be in agreement
The ideal and the actual will not coincide with each other.
These ideas on the matter seem to coincide.
coincidence n.
accidental happening to one event at the same time as another
Coincidences do happen.
coincidental adj.
resulting from coincidences
Our arrival at the same time was quite coincidental.
1. the unfolding of a simple plot
the narration of a simple story
2. explores
tries to understand more about
3. the general helplessness of man
Man is as a rule powerless against fate.
4. the remorseless hounding to death of Tess
Tess is mercilessly pursued to death (possibly by an inexorable fate). "To hound" means "to chase as if with a hound." "Of" is often used to indicate the verb-object relation, e.g.
the writing of the book; the release of the prisoner; the discovery of America by Columbus.
5. a typical Hardy background ... of all his great novels
Hardy's principal works have their setting in the agricultural region of southwest England originally the Wessex countryside, amidst which is the country of Dorset where Hardy was born and brought up. He actually calls the background Wessex, after its real medieval name, and draws much on his own experiences and familiarity with the native land in writing his "Wessex novels," which include Under the Greenwood Tree (1872), Far from the Madding Crowd (1874), The Return of the Native (1878), The Mayor of Casterbridge (1886), Tess of the D'Urbervilles (1891) and Jude the Obscure (1896).
6. poignantly
movingly; touchingly; exciting deep, sad emotions. The word is used in situations which make you feel great sorrow, e.g.
The toddler howling for his mother was one of the most poignant sights of childhood
He poignantly describes poverty as it existed in his own childhood.
7. the collapse of agriculture ... changes in the countryside
As the capitalist influence pushed west, traditional mode of agricultural life in the southwest began to disintegrate. The process reached its final stage in Hardy's time, towards the end of the 19th century. Farming came to be run on a capitalist basis. Small farmers lost their land to rich landowners and became hired fieldhands -- badly exploited and oppressed wage-laborers. The coming of the railway in 1847 brought town and country closer together, and for various reasons, there was a grow ing tendency for people to leave the land for life in the cities, or to give up the old settled way of life for a seasonal migration from job to job. This resulted in the shrinking of the rural population. The agricultural decline brought about other changes too, one of which, for example, was that the remaining country folk became very poor.
8. typically
as with all his other works; this is often the case in Hardy's novels
Adverbs, mostly ending in -ly and often taking the initial position of the sentence, can convey the speaker's comment on what he is saying, rather than to modify themain verb. Compare:
He could not recite the poem naturally. (in a natural manner) Naturally, he could not recite the poem. (He could not recite the poem, which was no surprise.)
She collapsed thankfully on the sofa. (She settled herself down, with gratitude.)
Thankfully things have changed. (It is a matter for relief that things have changed.)
9. this background often echoes ... broadening it
The description of the background is closely linked with the development of the story, serving to make the mood of the novel more strongly and more extensively felt."Echoes" and "harmonizes with" have the same meaning: matches; reflects; be in agreement with.
10. Hardy's skill ... Tess herself
The portrayal of Tess shows that Hardy is very accomplished at creating fictional characters. characterization: creation of fictional people is clearly evident: shows itself clearly
11. there is an unevenness ... Alec d'Urberville
Apart from Tess, he depicts some of the characters very successfully, but draws others, especially Alec, poorly.
treatment: portrayal
12. cumbersome
awkward; not sounding natural, or like the way people really talk; clumsy
13. fused with symbolism ... of mood
mingled with symbolic images, implied messages, and barely perceptible motions
14. helped in part ... language itself
The descriptions are made more effective partly because of such rhythmical devices as alliteration and parallelism.
15. The opening ... is characteristic of Hardy
This is Hardy's typical way of beginning a novel.
16. from the knowledge ... springs a simple plot
A straightforward story is triggered off the incident in which John Durbeyfield gets an unexpected piece of information on that particular evening.
This refers to the incident (with which the novel opens) in which John Durbeyfield, Tess' father, meets with the local parson while walking drunkenly home, and is told by the latter that "Durbeyfield" is a corruption of the name "d'Urberville" and his ancestors were the ancient, noble d'Urberville family in the area. He can hardly contain his joy at this news, and the mother immediately sends Tess, the large family's eldest daughter, to claim kinship with the prosperous d'Urberville family, in the hope that their distant relatives may provide Tess with a job, or even marry her to one of the sons. Now the d'Urbervilles are actually a family of capitalists who have made a fortune in manufacturing and have adopted the surname of the ancient reputable family in order to gain social status. Mr. d'Urberville has died, and Mrs. d'Urberville is blind. Alec d'Urberville, the young master of the house and the only son of the family, accepts Tess and immediately sees her beauty. With bad intentions he gives her the light job of raising chickens at the poultry farm.
spring from: result from; develop from; have one's origin in, e.g.
The quarrel sprang from a casual remark.
Her hostility to him sprang from sheer envy.
The idea sprang from a chance meeting.
17. a variation of the love triangle
The story is different from the classic love triangle, in that Alec is not serious with Tess, and Angel's love for her wavers easily, and besides, the two men do not really rival each other.
18. acts upon
works upon; affects The medicine acted on his fever at once.
There are four forces which act on an aircraft as it flies through the air.
19. an unexpected turn of events
an unexpected happening. A turn is a change or reversal of direction in something that is happening, e.g.
They are not at all happy about this turn of events/affairs. He hoped for a turn in his luck.
20. the failure by Angel . . . before their marriage
This refers to the part of the story in which Tess becomes engaged to Angel and she wants to tell him about her "past sin" several times. But it is hard for a woman to do so, and she decides to write a letter to Angel. On the night before the wedding, she writes of her past relations with Alec on a piece of paper and thrusts it under the door into Angel's bedroom. It so happens that the letter goes under the carpet and so Angel does not get it. In the morning the two meet and Angel acts as tenderly as before. Tess is happier than ever, thinking that Angel has read her letter and forgiven her. The wedding goes ahead. Angel learns from Tess about Alec and her dead baby only on the night of the wedding day, and is too concerned with his own reputation to forgive Tess. He leaves her for Brazil and Tess goes home.
21. This and ... do tax the reader's credibility
It is hard for the reader to believe all these coincidences or improbabilities. /To believe them, the reader has to be very credulous.
It is true that in this sentence "credulity" or "credulousness" (willingness to believe: Readers are credulous about such stories) should have been used instead of "credibility" (being believable: Such stories are credible). However, "credibility" as used here may not sound wrong to some native speakers, until the misuse is pointed out to them. This may be because some native speakers often use that word incorrectly, as in "even if one is credible (correctly credulous) enough to believe in their ability" (Daily Telegraph), and gradually the word, though used in the wrong place, sounds natural and means to the reader what is intended by the writer.
tax: make excessive demands on; strain, e.g.
Climbing mountains will really tax your powers of Endurance.
Reading by a poor light taxes the eyes.
tax one's credulity: strain one's credulity; stretch one's credulity (to the limit)
22. detract from the novel's overall direction
play down the major theme of the novel; upset the main development of the story
"Detract (from)," like "subtract," means "to take away (from),"
"Subtract" is reserved for precise quantities in calculation, while "detract" is figurative. It means in effect "to diminish or reduce (something desirable)."
Shanghai's traffic is very bad, but this does not detract from my enjoyment of the city.
The scratch detracts from the beauty of the table.
The author's plagiarism must detract from his reputation.
23. 'a pure woman'
This is the subtitle of the novel. In the eyes of the bourgeois class, Tess is a bad woman who has committed both fornication and murder. however, Hardy claims he is 'faithfully presenting' a 'pure woman,' who is cruelly tormented by fate and innocent of any intention to sin. The ironic subtitle reflects Hardy's defiance of religion and Victorian moral standards, and new ideas on marriage and love.
24. This hounding epitomizes the theme of the novel
It best represents/expresses the theme.
epitomize: be a perfect example of, typify, e.g.
His treatment of his wife epitomizes his attitude to women. epitome: the most typical example; embodiment, e.g.
This man is the epitome of greed.
25. restore herself before the conventions of society
become a respectable woman again under the pressure of customs and moral law/people's traditional way of thinking and behaving
26. justify the ways of "the President of the Immortals"
find good reasons for Tess to have been treated like this. Hardy can not see the social causes of Tess' suffering, and puts everything down to Fate, or to the will of God.
ways: course of action
The quoted phrase, referring to Zeus, is taken from the last paragraph of the novel. Hardy writes ironically when Tess has been hanged:
"justice" was done, and the President of the immortals (in Aeschylean phrase) had ended his sport with Tess.
Here "sport" means "game."
Although Hardy sets out with the conviction that fate and chance play a decisive role in bringing about human tragedies, the realistic unfolding of the story actually defeats his wished-for theme, and bears unmistakable social significances. From the novel, the reader eventually sees that it is the legal, moral and religious standards of bourgeois society, and. the particular economic conditions of the English peasantry that are the true causes of Tess' misfortune. The former, for example, causes Angel to desert Tess, and the latter brings Tess into Alec's trap once again.
Some critics, however, argue that Hardy is not entirely a fatalist by pointing to the fact that in Chapter 3 he, through the mouth of Tess, mentions 'a blighted world.'
27. the Greek Tragedians
(metonymy) the tragedies written by Greek playwrights
28. reflects this
reflects the fact that Hardy was deeply influenced by Greek tragedians
29. Part of this suffering ... produced by them
This is the view of the present author, who sees, at least in part, that the social system is to blame.
30. The dice are loaded against Tess from the start as ...
Bad luck plagues Tess all the time when ...
The idiom has its origin in the cheating practice in former times, of putting lead or a similar heavy material in the dice in some games so that certain numbers would always fall face up and the player who loaded the dice against the other player(s) would always win. Therefore, when the dice are loaded against somebody, he has very little chance of success, as in:
All his attempts to find a better job were unsuccessful; it seemed that the dice were loaded against him.
31. the particular situation of the rural poor
The particular economic situation in the countryside in Tess' time brings special influence to bear upon the course of Tess' life. When Angel leaves Tess for Brazil, for example, the great poverty at Tess' home forces her to work at a new capitalist farm under the hardest working conditions. Then her father suddenly dies. Not only are her family expelled from their house, but their tenantry on the land ends automatically. Her family's condition inevitably drives her to go back to Alec for his help, and eventually live with him, which, as it turns out later, destroys her last chance of a happy reunion with Angel.
32. As with all ... clearly and faithfully
In all his great novels, Hardy paints true pictures of the simple and unselfish poor peasants and the beautiful country scenery with a great deal of sympathy and nostalgic affection. This is based on his intimate knowledge of the land which he was born and spent most of his life. He early learned to love the rustic ways and the rural people around him, and felt disgusted at bourgeois civilization. His novels reflect his lament over the passing of the English farmers' traditional mode of life, and his yearning for its return.
as with: as is the case with
33. However
This transitional word indicates that Tess is different from Hardy's other great novels, in that his sadness over the decay of agriculture in his native land is never so strong as in Tess.
34. Typically ...
see 8.
35. the background of the novel is used sympathetically
Hardy uses the background to express his sympathy for the decay in agricultural life and for the misfortune of the poor.
36. to intensify and broaden the atmosphere of events
In Tess as well as in his other novels, Hardy emphasizes the background, the weather, and other natural phenomena, which he describes not only in harmony with human activities, but also in terms of their important role in dictating human affairs.
As for the first function, we give two examples out of the many that fill the novel: (1) At the beginning of Chapter 14, the sun is worshipped in this way: "the luminary was a golden-haired, beaming, mild-eyed, God-like creature, gazing down in the vigour and intentness of youth upon an earth that was brimming with interest for him," but when Angel and Tess' sister are walking up the hill to witness Tess' excution "the sun's rays smiled on pitilessly" (Chapter59). (2) At the opening of Chapter 35 when Tess has just finished her confession and Angel is about to turn abruptly away from Tess, we see a powerful description of the indifference of 'external things': 'The fire in the grate,' 'the fender' and 'the light from the water bottle' 'did not care in the least about her strait,' and 'all material objects around announced their irresponsibility with terrible iteration.'
Hardy also uses background descriptions in the way of omens and foreshadowings to give expression to his fatalistic outlook. In Chapter 33, for example, as Tess and Angel set off together from the dairy after the wedding ceremony to the lodgings where they are going to stay for the honeymoon, a white cock crows at the bridegroom. This quite upsets the dairyman, for he knows an afternoon crow is an omen of disaster. Later the cock's prophecy is fulfilled as Tess is deserted by her husband. Such forecastings create an appropriate atmosphere for the narrative that is to come. They also contrast nature's powerfulness with man's insignificance when human events prove to be fulfillments of country superstitions.
37. how storm and ... used as symbols
'Storm and calm' is one sense group, 'trees, flowers, and bird-song' another sense group, and 'mist, cloud and sunshine' still another.
Take fog and mist as an example. They are frequently used symbols associated with passion and sexuality. When Tess is raped it is foggy. When she first approaches Angel as he is playing the harp she passes through juicy grass which sent up mists of pollen" (Chapter 19). Much of their courtship takes place in misty mornings and evenings. When Tess is walking with Angel in the early morning 'minute diamonds of moisture from the mist hung upon Tess' eyelashes' (Chapter 20). Later, When she avoids telling him the true reason for her hesitancy in marrying him, they are standing in a fog 'settling on the lashes of her eyes, where it rested like crystals'.(Chapter 31). These symbols remind the reader of the scene of her seduction, and hence of the excess and dangers of passion.
38. Stonehenge
One plausible interpretation of the symbol of Stonehenge is it represents a pagan world uneroded by Christian civilization. In Tess Hardy shows his strong revolt against bourgeois civilization and modern religious hypocrisy. He wants to portray Tess as a daughter of Nature, untainted with worldly wickedness or deceit. The background Wessex itself, owing to its isolation from the outside world, is where ancient customs and superstitious beliefs die the hardest. At the beginning of the novel, for example, we still see the traditional club-walking of women and girls in white garments with a peeled willow wand in their right hand (Chapter 2). It is perhaps not coincidence that the novel begins with the description of the remnants of an ancient practice and ends with the prehistoric ruins. Such a non-civilized, pre-Christian world accompanies Tess to her end. She spends her last few days among the prehistoric remains, as a truly free person with her husband, and is arrested while lying asleep peacefully on one of the stone slabs where primitive people once worshipped the sun.
39. enlarging the human ... universal experience
The effect of such symbols is to have the universe share human experiences, or to turn the human situation into the situation of the universe.
40. most lovingly conceived character
most affectionately created character
41. so dominant
given so much more treatment than any other character in the same novel.
42. her delicacy of feeling
her fine regard for the feelings of others; her exquisite consideration for others' feelings, e.g.
He doesn't show much delicacy of feeling for others (he doesn't show much understanding or sympathy for others).
43. her pride
her self-esteem, as shown in her unwillingness to tell her parents the truth about her marriage or to approach Angel's parents
44. as our sympathies ... decrease
"As ... so" expresses a proportionality or equivalence of degree between two situations. "So" can be omitted in informal style:
As he grew disheartened, (so) his work deteriorated. Elsewhere, "as ... so" can express an analogy or similarity between two situations:
As a moth is attracted by a light, so he was fascinated by her.
Just as one gesture can have many different meanings, so many different gestures can have the same meaning.
45. To compensate for this ... unsympathetic home background
Though Tess, thinking of herself as a guilty woman, repeatedly begs Angel not to love and marry her, Angel continues to court Tess and finally asks her to be his wife, against the wishes of his parents. In those days it was not easy for a clergyman's son to decide to marry dairymaid.
46. straitlaced
puritanical; excessively rigid in moral ideas as to what can be done and what must not be done
47. conservative brothers
Angel's brothers, from their first remarks to their last, show a great intolerance of people of a lower class than themselves. In Chapter 2, for example, they show contempt for the girls at the club-walking, and continue their way after watching for a short while, but Angel stays to join in the dance. When Tess eventually hears nothing from Angel, she buries her pride and sets off to see his family. Unfortunately she overhears harsh comments made about her by Angel's brothers, and turns away never to meet his parents (Chapter 44).
48. Angel's love, which is 'ethereal ... an ideal presence'
Angel loves Tess so tenderly that he idealizes his image of Tess and his love for her becomes unrealistic - what he really loves is not Tess, but his idea of what Tess should be. When he is told about her past, he leaves her, unable to bring himself to live with the real woman who has replaced the idealized picture he had of her in his mind. In Chapter 31, Hardy tells us that Angel loves with feelings 'more spiritual than animal,' as opposed to Alec, whose love is animal and not spiritual. Angel could love desperately, but, with a love more especially, inclined to the imaginative and ethereal.'
an ideal presence: Angel's image of Tess. His mental image of Tess is that of a perfect girl. He is not seeing her as a real person, but an ideal image. A presence is a person or a being that is felt to be present, e.g.
I felt there was another presence in the saloon with me. ethereal:
extremely delicate, tender 'To' means 'to the degree of' For example:
He loves her to distraction. The room was hot to suffocation.
After dinner we were all full to bursting. 'To impracticability' means 'to the degree of being unrealistic.' 'To a fault' is a set expression, used of good qualities which have been carried to too great an extent, so great that they almost amount to a fault.'
For example, He was generous to a fault (=too generous) and embarrassed his friends by his lavish gifts.
Aunt Mary wants everything in her house to be exactly right; she is neat to a fault.
49. little removed ... of melodrama
no different from the stereotyped, shameless seducer whom we see in melodrama
Melodrama is a type of play full of exaggerated conflicts and emotions. Everything is overdone and emotions are too obvious. Characters in melodrama are fixed images, either all good or all bad. It leaves no question about who is good and who is bad.
Notice that the adjective "melodramatic" means 'overemotional' or 'exaggerating one's emotions.' We say, for example, someone is being melodramatic who says 'It's just the worst thing I've ever seen!'
removed from: different from, e.g.
What you say is far removed from what you said before.
50. In his role as ... hardly more convincing
Evangelical Christians are those Christians who travel from place to place, trying to persuade other people who are not Christians to accept the teaching of Jesus Christ. They are very outspoken and zealous, in their effort to spread Christianity or convert people to Christianity.
As the anniversary of her wedding approaches, Tess finally decides to go to Angel's parents to ask them for information about her husband. When she overhears Angel's brothers discussing Angel's 'unfortunate marriage,' she turns away in despair. On the way home she hears a preacher, who turns out to be Alec. Alec has met Angel's clergyman father and, repenting his evil ways, has become a traveling preacher. That means he has been converted to evangelical Christianity. In spite of his new religious calling, however, he can not resist the sight of Tess, whom he has always lusted for, and begins to pursue her once more.
The author of our text means that the character of Alec is not credible or true to life when he so much resembles the bad seducer of melodrama, who has simply no good traits (Hardy should have given Alec some good qualities so that readers may believe that Tess would live with him for a time after her seduction). And he is even less credible when he turns all of a sudden into a preacher.
in his role as: in his position as
51. forces Tess is subjected to
forces Tess is made to face; pressures she is put under
subject sb to sth: make sb have or undergo sth unpleasant; expose sb to sth unpleasant, e.g.
These are the problems poor people are subjected to in their daily lives.
If the beam is subjected to a sudden load, it will break.
52. might have portrayed ... a more credible form
might have pictured the evil forces, such as those typified by Alec, in a more convincing way. The "world, the flesh and the devil" are "the kind of forces Tess is subjected to," of which Alec is representative.
I. Comprehension
A. Answer the following questions.
l. What is the typical background of Hardy's fiction?
2. What do yon consider to be the stylistic features of Tess of the D' Urbervilles ?
3. Give an example to illustrate that an unknown force acts upon all characters in Tess ?
4. What do you think brings about Tess' tragedy?
5. What are the major symbols employed in the novel ?
6. How successful is Hardy in portraying Tess ?
7. How does the author try to be fair in his characterization of Angel Clare?
8. Do you think that Alec D'Urberville is a "poorly drawn character"? Why or why not ?
9. What is the theme of the novel ?
1O. Does Tess have your sympathy ? Why or why not ?
B. Choose one of the four given sentences (marked a, b, c, d)that best keeps the meaning of the sentence above them.
1. There is an unevenness in his treatment of the other characters.( ) a. The other characters are poorly treated.
b. The other characters are ill-treated.
c. Some characters are well drawn, others are not.
d. The author is not fair in his treatment of the other characters.
2.In no other of his novels is one character so dominant.( ) a. In no other of his novels is one character so important.
b. No character in his other novels is so influential.
c. In no other of his novels is one character so powerful.
d. No character in his other novels has such controlling power.
3. Typically the background of the novel is used sympathetically, to intensify and broaden the atmosphere of events in the story.( ) a. It is typical of Hardy to be favourably inclined to use the background of the novel in order to intensify and broaden the atmosphere of events in the story.
b. Typically Hardy showed a lot of sympathy when he described the background of the novel in order to intensify and broaden the atmosphere of events in the story.
c. Hardy took advantage of the background of the novel in a typical way to intensify and broaden the atmosphere of events in the story.
d. It is typical of Hardy to use the background of the novel compassionately so as to intensify and broaden the atmosphere of events in the story.
4. Alec D'Urberville seems little removed from the conventional.( ) a. Alec D'Urberville seems hardly able to get rid of the conventional ideas.
b. Alec D'Urberville seems close to the conventional.
c. Alec D'urberville is a bit different from the conventional.
d. Alec D'Urberville is distant from the conventional
II. Vocabulary
A. Fill in the blanks with the words and expressions given.(输入完毕后按ctrl键得知对错)
compensate for subject explore characteristic
spring from tax fuse dominant
1. The recent project has our resources.
2. A theme of his novels is frustration of love.
3. Diligence sometimes the lack of ability.
4. The foreign visitors are surrounded on all sides by kindness and hospitality which are of Chinese.
5. We are the possibility of an immediate withdrawal from the desert.
6. The author stream of consciousness with accurate descriptions.
7. His boasting finally himself to ridicule.
8. The accident his total neglect of duty.
B. Identify the one mistake in each of these sentences and correct it.
l. He suffered a great deal in the hands of his stepmother.
2. We are aware that his influence is in work on the matter.
3. Is the witness's story credulous?
4. The story acted over the emotions of the reader.
5. He was subj3ct to medical treatment.
6. The quarrel sprang for part from misunderstanding.
7. Oliver Twist, the dominating character in the novel, has the most attention of the author.
8. His loss of health can not be compensated by anything.
C. Translate the following by using the words and expressions given.
l. 他的观点与事实相去甚远。(to be removed from)
2. 我明白他的声誉在这件事上起着作用。(at work)
3. 他的建议使我们把注意力从枝节问题(minor issue)上移开。 (detract)
4. 这些语法错误是由于他的粗心所造成的。(spring from)
5. 这些就是本文将要探讨的问题。(explore)
6. 无论什么都无法补偿失去的青春。(compensate for)
7. H．H．Richardson很不平衡(uneven)，写得好时(at her best)，她的语言生动简炼，写得不好时(at her worst)，陈腐的表达方式(trite expressions)十分引入注目。
8. 他那种屈尊俯就的态度(patronizing attitude)使我们的忍耐到了极点。(tax)
9．天才就是一种吃苦(take pains)的无穷能力。(an infinite capacity)
10．她兄弟新近的成功使她的成就显得黯然失色。(obscure)
D. Use each of the following words or expressions in a sentence of your own.
l. explore 2. act upon
3. be subjected to 4. compensate for
5. spring from 6. characteristic of
E. Word formation
Form nouns by adding -al to verbs.
l. refuse 6. remove
2. arrive 7. dismiss
3. betray 8. try
4. dispose 9. approve
5. deny 10. appraise
F. Vocabulary revision
Translate the following sentences by using the words and phrases given.
for the sake of pervasive hobble
to no purpose herald
1．我已为你出了不少力，可是毫无结果。
2．为了我国的现代化，我们应该尽一切努力。
3．十二月份到处都充满着圣诞节的气氛。
4．燕子预示着夏天开始了。
5．那位摔断了腿的人在除夕夜能一破一拐地参加一个宴会了。
III. Word Study
A．Translate the fo11owing by using the words in WORD STUDY．
1．因为天气实在太冷，她没有外出。
2．他不在反而使她更加想念他。
3．灯的亮度和灯的瓦数(wattage)有关。
4．她的品行和才能使她很适宜于该职务。
5．这个用法具有英语口语的特点。
6．作者把杰里(Jerry)描写成一位弱者。
7．你几乎不能想像他们听了这消息后多么吃惊。
8．高尔基是我们时代最伟大的富有想像力的作家之一。
9．滑稽连环画(comic book)中的人物都是想像出来的人和动物。
10．法官们的意见不一致。
11．他到达的时间与你到达的时间相同。
12．我们俩乘了同一辆火车，真是一个巧台。
B． Word study revision
Fill in the blanks with the words given．
Denial 、matter、 admission 、application 、content
1. Membership may be obtained on request from the secretary.
2. The percentage of the total thermal of coal which can be utilized is yet very low.
3. His petition met with a flat .
4. His of guilt was a blow to those who had believed him innocent.
5. As a of generosity, although he did not need the man's services, he would pay him ten shillings per week.
IV. Grammar (non-finite verbs)
A. Convert the non-finite verb phrase into a relative clause in each of these sentences.
1. Here is something for you to do while you are waiting.
2. The city, destroyed in the earthquake ten years ago, has been rebuilt into a modern one.
3. The bus, rushing too fast along the narrow street, crashed into a house on the pavement.
4. The first European to step on the soil of America was Columbus.
5. Everybody, hearing the noise, jumped up in alarm.
6. The best place for young people to go to on their days-off is the seashore.
7. All the books left behind on the train by the passengers were dumped into dustbins.
8. The building standing on the left bank of the river is a bank.
9. Will you give me something to eat on the way?
1O. The last item, to be pat on after ten o'clock, is a piano solo.
B. Fill in the blanks with proper relative pronouns or relative adverbs (give two answers if possible) .
1. It was John came here yesterday.
2. It was John's book I borrowed.
3. What was it he wanted?
4. I have read the book you told me about.
5. I have read the book about you told me.
6. It is the teacher is important, not the kind of school he teaches in.
7. John is no longer the boy he was ten years ago.
8. He talked brilliantly of the man and the books interested him.
9. All glisters is not gold.
10. It is only a story, it is not something really happened.
11. Mary is the most beautiful girl I have ever seen.
12. He missed the train, annoyed him very much.
13. It was John, a boy of ten, witnessed the murder.
14. There is only, one student in the classroom I want to see.
15. He is the only student I want to see.
16. I saw some trees were black with disease.
17. The teacher wanted to know the reason he was absent.
18. I arrived at the same time John arrived.
19. That year he went to Jiangxi he was to stay for ten years.
20. He was not sick, some of the others were.
21. There is nothing born has to die.
22. He admires Mary, I find strange.
C. Explain the difference between the following pairs of sentences, correct the mistakes if any.
l a. The student, who is standing over there, didn't pass the exam.
b. The student who is standing over there didn't pass the exam.
2 a. John is reading the book, which pleased his father.
b. John is reading the book which pleased his father.
3 a. The panda, which lives in China, is a lovely animal.
b. The panda which lives in China is a lovely animal.
4 a. The tiger, which lives in China, is a fierce animal.
b. The tiger which lives in China is a fierce animal.
5 a. "Why is Mary crying ?" "Oh, a man who went out with her yesterday robbed her and ran away." b. "Why is Mary crying ?" "Oh, the man who went out with her yesterday robbed her and ran away.
V. Writing
A. Write a precis of the text in about 150 words.
l. Write down the important points only.
2. Use your own words as far as possible
3. At the bottom of your precis, put the number of the words used.
B. Write a short comment on a book that interests you.
C. Write a short composition on a topic of your own choice, using as many as possible of the following words and expressions.
justify at work spring from detract
capacity compensate for characteristic of tax
obscure be removed from explore act upon epitomize
be subjected to dominant fuse hound occur
VI. Topics for Oral Work
A. Does the sub-title of the novel - "A Pure Woman" - provide a clue to the understanding of the novel? If so, how ?
B. To what extent do you accept the theme of the novel, that broadly speaking man is powerless to control his own destiny ?
VII. Comprehensive Exercises
A. After reading the passage, design two exercises, one about the idea contained in it and the other about its language.
In Hamlet, by dramatizing the difference between good appearance and evil reality, particularly by examining the internal conflict within Hamlet's mind, Shakespeare sensitively explores this contemporary problem. Perhaps part of the play's appeal to modern audiences stems from the fact that we also live in a time when values and beliefs are being challenged by new concepts of man in society. Much of the meaning of the play can be found in the image patterns Shakespeare employs. In Act I particularly, Claudius' court, which gives the appearance of stable government, is seen by Hamlet as "an unweeded garden." In such a setting, disease abounds and its source is Claudius himself - the man who should be the epitome of kingly virtues. So Hamlet must act throughout the play to clean up the ulcerous sore of corruption by putting Claudius "to his purgation." This disease imagery which symbolizes the difference between reality and appearance is connected to the poison that precipitates the action of the play, for it is both a metaphor of disease and an actual evil ultimately responsible for all but Polonius' death.
B. Fill in each blank with one suitable word.
In his forties, Geiger had of the most unusual and dangerous flying jobs the world. His chief was to supply food the scores mountaineering huts and shelters which are scattered the high Alps. an hour he could complete a "round" which would another person several days. addition, in the winter he frequently food, medicine or special equipment remote villages and lodges off by drifts or avalanches. Day day he kept an eye particularly heavy drifts building above the passes, warning of areas where avalanches were .
Key to the Exercises
I. Comprehension
B.
1. c 2. a 3. d 4. b
II. Vocabulary
A.
1. taxed
2. dominant
3. compensates for
4. characteristic
5. exploring
6. fused
7. subjected
... subjected him to ridicule' would be better Fngl@@.
8. sprang from '
B.
1. ... at the hands ...
'At the hands of sb' is used of the unpleasant treatment that one receives from sb:
I did not expect such unkind treatment at your hands.
The details of his persecution at the hands of officialdom would shock us all.
Compare 'in the hands of':
This law leaves too much power in the hands of the judges. (They own too much power.)
The condemned man's fate is in the government's hands. (The government has control over his fate.)
They found him already in the hands of a doctor. (already attended by a doctor)
I leave the arrangements in your hands. (You have responsibility for them-)
2. is at work ...
3. capacity for learning.
4. acted upon...
5. was subjected ... (was put under it)
6. sprang in. part ...
7. the dominant character ... (leading character)
8. compensated for ...
C.
l. His views are (far/distantly) removed from facts.
2. 1 realize/understand/am aware that his fame/popularity/celebrity is at work on the matter.
3. His suggestion detracted our attention from minor issues. 'Detract' and "distract' (take the mind off) are two different words. In "He distracted me from my work' for example, we cannot substitute 'detract' for 'distract' They are interchangeable, however, when followed by 'attention' as in: distract/detract/divert our attention from minor issues.
4. These grammar/grammatical mistake's/errors sprang from his carelessness.
5. These are the questions the present article is to explore.
6. Nothing can compensate for the loss of youth/for lost youth.
7. H. H. Richardson is uneven. At her best, her language is compact/terse/condensed and expressive/vivid/vigorous. But at her worst, trite expressions are glaringly/grossly obvious/ noticeable. (Henry Handel Richardson, 1870-1946, Australian novelist)
8. His patronizing attitude taxed our patience/tolerance.
9. Genius is an infinite capacity for taking pains.
10. Her brother's recent/latest success has obscured her achievements/what she has achieved.
E.
1. refusal 2. arrival
3. betrayal 4. disposal
5. denial 6. removal
7. dismissal 8. trial
9. approval 10.appraisal
F.
1. I have tried hard/done a lot for you, but all to no purpose.
2. We should make every effort for the sake of modernization of our country.
3. The Christmas spirit is pervasive in December.
4. Swallows herald the beginning/coming of summer.
5. The men who had broken his leg was able to hobble along to a party on New Year's eve.
III. Word study
A.
1. She did not go out because of the intense cold.
2. His absence only intensified her longing/only made her miss him more intensely./When he was away, she only missed him more intensely.
3. The intensity of light depends on the wattage of the (electric) bulb.
4. She was well fitted for that post by character and attainments./Her character and ability/talent fitted/qualified her well for the position/post.
5. This usage is characteristic of colloquial English./This usage of English is colloquial in character.
6. The author characterized Jerry as a weak/as a vulnerable man/as weak.
7. You can little/hardly imagine their surprise at (hearing) the news/imagine how astonished they were at hearing the news.
8. Gorki was one of the greatest imaginative writers of our time.
9. The characters in comic books are imaginary people and animals.
10. The judges did not coincide in opinion./The judges' views did not coincide.
11. The time of his arrival coincided with that of yours./ His arrival coincided with your.
12. It was sheer coincidence that we both were (traveling/ riding) on the same train/we took the same train.
B.
1.. . .quite satisfactory.
2.. . .denied having seen ...
3.. . .have much experience ...
4. no mistake
5.. . .very perceptive ...
IV. Grammar (non-finite verbs)
A.
1. something you can do
2. which was destroyed ...
3. which was rushing/which rushed
4. who stepped
5. Everybody who heard the noise jumped
6. ... place (where) young people can go on their ...
The Preposition at the end of the relative clause can be omitted when the clause modifies 'place,' e.g,
That's the place he stayed when he was in London.
This is the only place you find such flowers.
7. that were left ...
8. which is standing/stands ...
9. (that) I can eat....?
10. which will be put on ...
B.
1. who/that
When the subject (a person) is emphasized, 'who' is possible instead of 'that'.
2. that
'Which' is wrong in such cleft sentences.
3. that
4. that/which
5. which
6. that
7. that
When the relative pronoun functions as the predicative, 'that' is the only choice, e.g.
Our chairman is no longer the financial wizard (that) he used to be.
I am not the fool (that) you thought me (to be).
8. that
9. that
'That' is virtually obligatory after non-personal 'all,'
'something.' 'everything,' 'anything' and 'nothing,'
e.g.
All that is left is a sweet memory.
10. that (see above)
11. that/whom
'That' is more common if the antecedent contains a superlative, e.g.
He is the best accountant (that) this firm has ever had.
12. which
13. that/who (cf. 1)
14. whom/that,
'That' is a little bit ambiguous, for it can refer to 'the classroom.'
15. that/whom
After 'only,' 'that' is more common.
16. which/that
17. why/that
18. that/as
After 'same,' 'when' is not good.
19. where
20. as/which
We use 'as' to contrast 'he' with 'some of the others.' The sentence means 'Unlike some of the others, he was not sick.' When we use 'which,' the contrastive meaning disappears: He was not sick, and some of the others were sick.
21. but ( =that does not have to die)
22. whom/which
'Which' refers to the fact that he admires Mary, while'whom' refers to Mary.
C.
1. a. There may have been other students who failed the exam.
b. He is the only student that failed the exam.
2. a. What pleased John's father was the fact that John was reading the book. The sentence should be corrected into: 'John was reading...
b. It was the book that pleased John's father.
3. a. The panda only lives in China and is a lovely animal.
b. Pandas may live elsewhere than China, and only those that live in China are lovely. Since pandas only live in China, the sentence is wrong in term of its truth value.
4. The same difference as that in '3'. Since the tiger lives in different parts of the world, sentence 'a' is not valid semantically.
5. a. A man went out with Mary yesterday, and he robbed her and then ran away. The relative clause is non-restrictive, and should be separated from the rest of the sentence by a pair of commas ( ... a man, who went ... yesterday, robbed ... ). If the clause is left out, the sentence still makes sense.
b. The speaker supposed that the listener had the idea that a man went out with Mary the day before, and he wanted to point out that it was that man who robbed Mary and ran away. The information contained in the relative clause is indispensable rather than additional as is the case with 'a'.
VII. Comprehensive Exercises
A.
1. Claudius: Hamlet's uncle who murders Hamlet's father and becomes the king
2. Polonius: an old courtier, father of Ophelia, who hides behind the arras to eavesdrop on Hamlet talking to his mother, and is mistakenly stabbed by Hamlet
B.
early, one, in, mission/task, to, of, in/throughout, In/ Within, take, In, months/season, flew/supplied, to, cut, after/by, on, up, giving/providing, likely/imminent.
cc
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