考研英语写作免费讲座文稿(1)

　　短文写作只有一题，占20分。考生应能写不同类型的应用文，包括私人和公务信函、备忘录、摘要、报告等，还应能写一般描述性、叙述性和说明或议论性的文章。要求内容切题，表达清楚，意义连贯，语言比较规范。
　　1．内容切题。指的是审题准，不跑题。扣不准题或是文不对题均会严重影响成绩；
　　2．表达清楚。指的是语言要简洁，准确，说理清楚，读者能从内容明白作者的意图；
　　3．意义连贯。文字连贯，语言流畅，层次分明才能使意义表达完整。要使文章意义连贯必须具有一定运用的技能，包括较强的语感，遣词造句能力和文章组织能力。
　　4．语言规范。指的是要符合英语的表达习惯，语法错误少，语言基本功扎实，写出的文章不是中式英语。
　　考生应能：
　　1．做到语法、拼写、标点正确，用词恰当；
　　2．遵循文章的特定文体格式；
　　3．合理组织文章结构，使其内容统一、连贯；
　　4．根据写作目的的特定读者，恰当选用语言。

　　内容导航：

　　第一章评分标准及考生存在的问题分析
　　第二章作文出题的题材类型
　　第三章作文高分标准
　　第四章如何进行选词
　　第五章如何写好句子
　　第六章段落的写作
　　第七章文章的完成
　　第八章英语作文常用句型

　　第一章评分标准及考生存在的问题分析

　　短文写作评分标准是根据内容、文字、句子和用词来制定的，近几年的评分标准如下（供考生参考）：
　　写作：1题，20分。
　　本题采用通篇分档计分，计分标准如下：
　　20－17分：内容切题，包括题中所列三方面的内容：清楚表达其内涵，文字连贯；句式有变化，句子结构和用词正确。文章长度符合要求。
　　16－13分：内容切题，包括题中所列三方面的内容；比较清楚地表达其内涵；文字基本连贯；句式有一定变化，句子结构和用词无重大错误。文章长度符合要求。
　　12－9分：内容切题，基本包括题中所列三方面的内容：基本清楚地表达其内涵；句子结构和用词有少量错误。文章长度符合要求。
　　8－5分：内容基本功题，基本包含题中所列三方面的内容；语句可以理解，但有较多的句子结构和词错误。文章长度基本符合要求。
　　4－1分：基本按要求写作，但只有少数句子可理解。
　　0分：文不切题，语句混乱、无法理解。
　　从20份考卷抽样分析，考生的写作成绩并不理想。要想写出一篇高分作文须具备两个条件：
　　一是扎实的英语语言基础，二是掌握一定的写作技巧。否则在40分钟之内完成一篇200字的优秀作文是难以思议的。
　　●一篇好的作文应基本达到：
　　1. 有较好的写作基础，文章流畅，遣词造句不当，文章结构完整，内容符合要求；
　　2. 语法基本正确；
　　3. 句法基本准确，句子与句子段落之间过渡连贯；
　　4. 有一定词汇量，字数符合要求；
　　5. 说理清楚，内容充实。
　　●一篇较差的作文表现为：
　　1．文章不通顺，无段落，无结构，无明显主题；
　　2．出现很多基本语法错误，拼写错误；
　　3．词汇量很小，词不达意，缺乏英语表达能力；
　　4．不像一篇文章，仅是把一些不连贯的词语拼凑到一起。
　　通过对考生试卷所有作的抽样分析，我们总结出考生主要存在一步到位问题：
　　1．不会审题。很多考生在着手做写作题时并无审题和构思的概念，有的担心时间不够，有的则是无从下笔，结果不是文不对题就是时间己过半，只好草草收场。
　　2．用汉语思维，逐字翻译。有的考生对英语词造句无把握，便用汉语构思文章，同时将汉语句子硬译英语，结果是非驴非马，无法理解。
　　3．用词搭配不当。英语语言是一大特点是其丰富的习惯用语和固定搭配，包括动词短语、介词短语、形容词短语等，例如（花费很多时间做某事）“spend much time in…”不能改成“take much time in…”。词与词之间固定搭配是由历史形成的，有的看起来不符合逻辑，但却是地道用法。
　　4．词汇量小，拼写困难。部分学生能在写作中运用的词汇量太少，有的知道用法但拼写不出来，结果　只能用中文取而代之，成绩自然不会理想。
　　5．句子逻辑关系混乱。部分考生因受汉语结构的影响，对句子中主谓及状语之间的位置安排不妥，造成逻辑混乱。例如：
Our English class often told stories.
应改为：We often told stories in our English class.
　　6. 不会应用关联词转承上下句子和段落。关联词起过渡作用，使上下句子和段落合理，承上启下，使表达合乎逻辑，同时结构严谨，文章紧凑。例如：
People lean English to use it , Some learn it so study or work abroad . Others learn it to read books and magazines in English or have something to do with English-speaking foreigners.采用适当关联词，改进为:people learn English for practical purposes :some learn it to study or work abroad, while others learn it to read or communicate in English.
　　7. 语法错误。语法错误主要表现为：
　　i. 分不清及物与不及物动词，例如：rise和raise; hear和listen等
　　ii. 被动与主动语态的误用，例如：interesting和interested; speaking和spoken 等；
　　iii. 词类混淆，将动词或形容词误作名词用，将名词和动词误作形容词用等；例如：benefit和beneficial; difficult和difficulty; pleasure和pleased等。
　　iv. 混淆可数名词与不可数名词，例如:help, practice 等。
　　v. 冠词、情态动词、介词、代词等方面的错误，例如：a English book, should did, must done等。

　　第二章作文出题的题材类型

　　从历年作文试题的出题范围来分析，其题材一般均贴近生活，要求写作的知识范围均为考生所熟悉，容易取材，具有一定可写性。但写作形式均为控制性写作，题材类型分为几类：标题作文、提纲作文、图表作文、规定情景式作文及综合型作文等。例如：

　　一、主题句作文
　　主句作文也称为段首句作文，要求考生在每段所给主题句基础上加以扩展，完成段落，再由段落组成文章。主题句作文是目前较常用的一种出题方式，它不像一般正规文章那样要求具有开头段和结尾段，一般只给出三句主题句，所以属于一种简单的三段式作文。
　　Example 1
　　Title: Dictionary……
　　(1) The dictionary is a living teacher
　　(2) Skills will develop with your constant use of various dictionaries. ……
　　(3) But you should have one thing in mind……

　 Dictionary
　　The dictionary is living teacher. Whenever you come across a new word, just consult it and you will get a clear definition. Every student, whether attending school or self-taught, should always have a dictionary at hand. As a study aid, it is convenient, inexpensive and all-knowing.
　　Skills will develop with your constant use of various dictionaries The more you use them, the more familiar you will become with them. Sooner or later, you will be quite skilled in finding the page, scanning the entries and locating the exact meaning of the new words.
　　But you should have one thing mind. As a language student, you should never depend too much on dictionaries. Basic language skill do not come from dictionaries, but from your practice. Learn the language by listening, speaking, reading and writing more, and that is the only way to the mastery of a language.

　　Example2
　　Title: The Computer
　　(1) The computer is a wonderful machine
　　(2) Computers play an important role in our life
　　(3) However, many scientists don’s think that computers will replace us completely.

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 The Computer
　　The computer is a wonderful machine. It is the most important invention in many years.
　　Today it is used a great deal in various fields. Especially, it is useful in automatic control and data processing. And now it is finding its way into the home.
　　Computers play an important role in our life. They can do most of things people can do They can give you information on buying and selling things. Provide you with suggestion of how to deal with certain illness and how to solve the problems you are faced with. There is no doubt that people can live much easier with the help of the computers.
However, many scientists don’t think that computers will replace us completely. No matter how clever they may become, computers are no more that an extension for human brain.

　　二、提纲式作文
　　提纲式作文为考生提供了题目与一个简单的写作提纲，将考生的写作控制在一定范畴。
　　它要求考生紧扣题目主题，并根据提纲提示的思路和要点展开段落。由于提供的写作提纲一般也为三段，所以考生也可以按照三段式作文将简单的提纲展为主题句，再按照主题句作文的写作方法将文章写成。

　　Example
　　Title: The Telephone
　　Outline: 1. A useful tool
　　2. How to use it
　　3. The improvement of its use

　The Telephone

　　The telephone is an efficient means of communication, which enables people to talk with each other over long distances. If you are overseas and your family is left behind, you may miss them now and then . Besides fishing out their photos, you can dial a long distance call and send your love to them. For business with another company, the telephone is the most convenient means for you to turn to. It saves much of your travel.
　　It is easy to learn how to use a telephone. First, take the receiver off the hook. Then listen for the dial tone . You can begin to dial the number you want when you hear a long steady signal. If you hear a rapid series of very short tones after dialing, the phone is “busy”. Each town has special emergency numbers for the fire department and police station, which are often listed in the front of the telephone directory.
　　People have mdae much improvement in telephone. For example, they can record telephone talks on tapes, use a radio telephone on a moving car or see the speaker by using the vision telephone.

　　三、图表式作文
　　图表式作文可综合提供题目、数据、图像、提纲，形式多样，是一种控制性和应用性更强的作文的出题方式，从写作类型来看，基本上属于说明文。考生要围绕题目并将有关信息转化为文字形式，这要求考生具有一定数据分析和材料归纳的能力，同时运用一定的写作方法。考研试题一般以三段式写作方法来组织文章，第一段总结归纳信息反映的总的情况，点出主题思想，第二段回答第一段所得出的问题，对数字、数据等信息作出有条理的分析比较，第三段作出总结或给以简单评论。
　　Example1
　　Directions: Write a composition no Changes in People’s Diet. Study the following table carefully and your composition must be based on the information giver in the table. Write three paragraphs to:
　　(1) State the changes in people’s diet in the past five years;
　　(2) Give possible reasons for the changes;
　　(3) Draw your own conclusions.
　　You should quote as few figures as possible.

　　　　　　　　　　　　 Changes in People’s Diet
　　Diet is very important in people’s life . From 1987 to 1990. people’s diet changed a lot . Grain was no longer regarded as the main food. And as the proportion of fruit and vegetables declined, the consumption of milk and meat increased.
　　What caused these changes? There are two reasons. One is that with the development of science, people began to realize the importance of maintaining a balanced diet. The other is that people had more money to spend and could afford more expensive food. They tried to change their low-priced diet into a more varied one. They were eager to build up a strong body by improving their living standards.
　　With the development of our economy and the improvement of our food supply, further changes will take place in people’s diet.

　　Example2
　　Directions: Write a composition based on the charts of the average family expenses in the United Stated. The opening sentence is given and you are required to develop it into a full composition.
The opening sentence: The average family income in the United States increased from 12,000 dollars per year in 1980 to 16,000 dollars in 1985.

　　　　　　　　　　　 The Average Family Expenses
　　The average family income in the United States has increased from 12,000 dollars per year in 1980 to 16,000 dollars in 1985. In the meantime, the structure of the average family expenses has changed, too. These graphs show the change clearly.
　　The biggest part of the average family expenses was housing. In 1980, the average family spent 25 percent of its income on housing. In 1985, expenses on housing rose to 32 percent. Food and drink were the second biggest part of the average family expenses .In 1980, about 18% of the average income was spent on this item. In 1985, the figure grew to 22%. As a result of such increase in the expenses on housing and food, expenses on other items have been reduced from 57% in 1980 to 46% in 1985.
　　Thus, a conclusion can be drawn that as income increases, people can improve their living step by step. But still the average family has to spend a large part of income to meet the essential needs.

　　四、规定情景式作文
　　情景式作文也是一种控制作文出题方式，它一般不给标题，但规定了具体的情景，考生须从情景信息中找到所写文章的中心思想，在此基础上确定文章的标题和段落结构。在写作过程中，考生应按照情景中规定的范围和条件结合自己的经验和知识来休会、想象和发展段落，但不能脱离情景自由发挥。要注意文章的发展必须合乎逻辑情理，段落之间的衔接要连贯和自然。

　 Example
　　Situation: Students have different ways to spend their summer vacations, and you decide to take your summer vacation with your family in the countryside. Your feeling is quite different with the life in the city, so you think about it deeply.
　　A. Time limit: 40 minutes
　　B. Word limit: no less than 150 words
　　C. You essay should be written on the ANSWER SHEET II

　　　　　　　　　　 How I Spend My Summer Vacation
　　Our summer vacation begins on July 15th and lasts nearly two months. Considering that my brain needs rest after a period of hard work, I, together with my family, went to our countryside, a very small farmhouse handed down from our forefathers, to spend the summer, Obviously, life in the country is very different from that in the city.
　　Early in the morning I took a stroll along the field side. The air was fresh and pure. With a dog following, sometimes I ran a race in the meadows covered with tall grass. Sometimes I climbed up the hill to see the sun slowly yet steadily emerge out of the eastern horizon. The birds also seemed to have awakened from their dreams, twittering restlessly among the bushes. In order to appreciate the quietness of the country, I gave myself entirely to among the bushes. In order to appreciate the quietness of the country, I gave myself entirely to nature, with a light heart and a happy mind.
　　Sometimes in the afternoon I, in company with my cousins, took a rod and went to the river to fish. It made the household happy when they saw me returning with a basketful of large fresh fish. When night came, I would sit at the door and tell the most marvelous and interesting stories to my cousins, who listened to the tale of wonder with open eyes and mouth.
　　I wish I could enjoy such calm, pure and beautiful rural life forever.

（毛浩然老师整理，待续）