第一部分高中英语常考词汇

abroad

Travelers from abroad were mildly shocked by this high social position.

A graduate might seek a position that offers specialized training, pursue an advanced degree, or travel abroad for a year.

admire

Reviewers have admired her enormous energy, but find a productivity of such magnitude difficult to assess.

Copper was used for practical items, but it was not admired for its beauty.

advance

Fortunately, scientific and technological advances have overcome most of these problems.

They were an advanced agricultural people who used irrigation to help grow their crops.

Each advance in microscopic technique has provided scientists with new perspectives on the function of living organisms and the nature of matter itself.

adventure

The establishment of these posts opened new roads and provided for the protection of daring adventurers and expeditions as well as established settlers.

afford

Now those who would afford it could live far removed from the old city center and still commute there for work, shopping, and entertainment.

Some people continued to eat mainly foods that were heavy in starches or carbohydrates, and not everyone could afford meat.

after all

The very tools that the first New England furniture makers used were, after all, not much different from those used for centuries—even millennia: basic hammers, saws, chisels, planes, augers, compasses, and measures.

They did their business, after all, in the capital city of the province.

against

In areas where weather can become cold after eggs are laid, it is very important to maintain a deep foundation of nesting material to act as insulator against the cold bottom of the box.

These buildings were usually put up against cliffs, both to make construction easier and for defense against enemies.

In the core of the Sun. the pressures are so great against the gases that, despite the high temperature, there may be a small solid core.

alone

The common kestrel roosts and hunts alone, but the lesser kestrel roosts and hunts in flocks, possibly so one bird can learn from others where to find insect swarms.

Between 1882 and 1886 alone, the price of daily newspapers dropped from four cents a copy to one cent, made possible in part by a great increase in demand.

But it was not newspapers alone that were bringing the new awareness to people in the United States in the late nineteenth century.

although

Although President Abraham Lincoln signed the original Pacific Railroad bill in 1862 and a revised, financially much more generous version in 1864, little construction was completed until 1865 on the Central Pacific and 1866 on the Union Pacific.

Although social changes in the United States were being wrought throughout most of the nineteenth century, public awareness of the changes increased to new levels in the 1890’s.

There was little soloing as such, although some New Orleans players, particularly cornet player Buddy Bolden, achieved local fame for their ability to improvise a solo.

altogether

However, in reality they are very different from plants and today they are placed in a separate group altogether.

assistant

She also photographs away from her studio at various architectural sites, bringing camera, lights, mirrors, and a crew of assistants to transform the site into her own abstract image.

astonish

Inventories of colonial libraries show an astonishing number of these handbooks for builders, and the houses erected during the eighteenth century show their influence.

average

On the average, people can keep about seven ideas in their minds at once.

The average raindrop contains a million times as much water as a tiny cloud droplet.

A water molecule stays, on average, eleven days in the atmosphere, one hundred years on a continent and forty thousand years in the ocean.

attempt

No further attempt to formally organize the growing numbers of watercolor painters in New York City was made for more than a decade.

Although governmental attempts to eradicate fairs and auctions were less than successful, the ordinary course of economic development was on the merchants’ side, as increasing business specialization became the order of the day.

besides

Besides living quarters, each pueblo included one or more kivas—circular underground chambers faced with stone.

Besides their wear ability, either as jewelry or incorporated into articles of attire, beads possess the desirable characteristics of every collectible: they are durable, portable, available in infinite variety, and often valuable in their original cultural context as well as in today’s market.

beyond

Beyond a depth of around 2,900 kilometers, a great change takes place and the mantle gives way to the core.

If you look closely at some of the early copies of the Declaration of Independence, beyond the flourished signature of John Hancock and the other 55 men who signed it, you will also find the name of one woman, Mary Katherine Goddard.

The scientific investigation of an experience as private as consciousness is frustratingly beyond the usual tools of the experimental psychologist.

breathe

The pressure of the gases being breathed must equal the external pressure applied to the body; otherwise breathing is very difficult.

Nitrogen, which composes 80 percent of the air we breathe, usually causes a balmy feeling of well-being at this pressure.

broadcast

The stump speech, a political speech given by traveling politicians and lasting 1 1/2 to 2 hours, which characterized nineteenth-century political discourse, has given way to the 30-second advertisement and the 10 second “sound bite” in broadcast news.

care

Within a very short time, however, the incongruity of playing lively music to a solemn film became apparent, and film pianists began to take some care in matching their pieces to the mood of the film.

carry

The external surfaces of plants, in addition to being covered by an epidermis and a waxy cuticle, often carry spiky hairs known as trichomes, which either prevent feeding by insects or may even puncture and kill insect larvae.

Some of the lithospheric plates carry ocean floor and others carry land masses or a combination of the two types.

Still, their fossilization required a suite of factors: a slow rate of decay of soft tissues, little scavenging by other animals, a lack of swift currents and waves to jumble and carry away small bones, and fairly rapid burial.

catch

The birds on the edge are at greatest risk since predators find it easier to catch

small birds perching at the margins of the roost.

The depression of the 1930’s and the war had held back marriages, and the catching-up process began after 1945.

clothing

They have always been enormously important to the welfare of people, not only for food, but also for clothing, weapons, tools, dyes, medicines, shelter, and a great many other purposes

The entire colonial production of cloth and clothing and partially that of shoes was in the hands of women.

There were the sweatshops in city tenements, where groups of men and women in household settings manufactured clothing or cigars on a piecework basis.

collect

On a 1948 vacation. Hazen fortuitously collected a clump of soil from the edge of W. B. Nourse’s cow pasture in Fauquier County, Virginia.

As the water that collects in the bottom of the nest evaporates, the water vapor rises and is heated by the incubating bird, which adds significant humidity to the incubation environment.

Science involves imagination and creative thinking as well as collecting information and performing experiments.

companion

Farm dwellers in their isolation not only found it harder to locate companions in play but also, thanks to the unending demands and pressures of their work, felt it necessary to combine fun with purpose.

compare

The nest is a deep cup, made of mud or seaweed, to hold the eggs safely, compared with the shallow scrape of other gulls, and the chicks are remarkably immobile until fully grown.

Psychologists who study optimization compare the actual decisions made by people to theoretical ideal decisions to see how similar they are.

condition

As vitamins became recognized as essential food constituents necessary for health, it became tempting to suggest that every disease and condition for which there had been no previous effective treatment might be responsive to vitamin therapy.

It was just a decade before this that many drug companies had found their vitamin sales skyrocketing and were quick to supply practicing physicians with generous samples of vitamins and literature extolling the virtue of supplementation for a variety of health-related conditions.

construction

These buildings were usually put up against cliffs, both to make construction easier and for defense against enemies.

Barbara Kasten is an artist who makes photographs of constructions that she creates for the purpose of photographing them.

cure

As a result, claims that eating a diet consisting entirely of organically grown foods prevents or cures disease or provides other benefits to health have become widely publicized and form the basis for folklore.

It grew well with enough rain, then when cut and stored it would cure and become nourishing hay for winter feed.

And they did not need to be cured in a barn, but dried right where they grew on the ground.

deal with

One of the benefits of a pencil and paper decision-making procedure is that it permits people to deal with more variables than their minds can generally comprehend and remember.

Each of the three departments—Literature (120 members), Art (83), Music (47)—has a committee dealing with its own field.

Her first novel, With Shuddering Fall (1964), dealt with stock car racing, though she had never seen a race.

decision

Researchers in the field of psychology have found that one of the best ways to make an important decision, such as choosing a university to attend or a business to invest in, involves the utilization of a decision worksheet.

Psychologists who study optimization compare the actual decisions made by people to theoretical ideal decisions to see how similar they are.

delivery

Stoves were fueled by gas, and delivery services provided ice for refrigerators.

Finally, in 1863, Congress provided that the mail carriers who delivered the mail from the post offices to private addresses should receive a government salary, and that there should be no extra charge for that delivery.

describe

But none of the shapes on this list describes the largest single entities in the universe.

The experiment was described in a paper presented to the Paris Academy in 1894.

destroy

Now humans are beginning to destroy marine ecosystems through other types of activities, such as disposal and runoff of poisonous waste; in less than two centuries, by significantly reducing the variety of species on Earth, they have unraveled cons of evolution and irrevocably redirected its course.

Sometimes soils are destroyed and transported mechanically during flooding.

It is these cellulose- destroying enzymes that enable fungi to attack anything made from wood, wood pulp, cotton, flax, or other plant material.

determine

Although the fossil record, as always, is not complete enough to determine definitively the evolutionary lineage of the birds or in as much detail as one would like, it is better in this case than for many other animal groups.

By the time the War of Independence broke out in 1776, Bird, angered and determined, was manufacturing cannons and shot at Hopewell to be used by the Continental Army.

The behavior of the soil in the hand test is determined by the amount of clay in the sample.

during

During the 1920’s she was editor of The Dial, an important literary magazine of the period.

It is probably no coincidence that most flocks begin their migratory flights during the night.

effort

With encouragement from the park, local landowners initiated a land-use planning effort to guide the future of the North Fork.

The willingness of local landowners to participate in this protection effort may have been stimulated by concerns that Congress would impose a legislative solution.

All the leaders were finally pardoned by President Johnson in1868 in an effort to help reconstruction efforts proceed with as little bitterness as possible.

encourage

The prosperity of the Erie encouraged the state to enlarge its canal system by building several branches.

The states encouraged internal improvements in two distinct ways: first, by actually establishing state companies to build such improvements; second, by providing part of the capital for mixed public-private companies setting out to make a profit.

Growing urban populations created demand that encouraged fruit and vegetable farmers to raise more produce.

exist

Satire exists because there is need for it.

Silver stood as one of the surest ways to store wealth at a time before neighborhood banks existed.

Unimprovised, completely structured jazz does exist, but the ability of the best jazz musicians to create music of great cohesion and beauty during a performance has been a hallmark of the music and its major source of inspiration and change.

expression

No other set of colonists took so seriously one expression of the period, “Leisure is time for doing something useful,” in the countryside farmers therefore relieved the burden of the daily routine with such double-purpose relaxations as hunting, fishing, and trapping.

Although they often achieved expression and formal excellence in their generally primitive style, they remained artisans skilled in the craft of carving and constituted a group distinct from what we normally think of as “sculptors” in today’s use of the word.

extremely

Desert-adapted mammals have the further ability to feed normally when extremely dehydrated: it is a common experience in people that appetite is lost even under conditions of moderate thirst.

Some can form pictures in extremely short times; others hold the promise of special capabilities such as three-dimensional imaging.

If eggs rest against the wooden bottom in extremely cold weather conditions, they can become chilled to a point where the embryo can no longer survive.

familiar

Although looking after the house and family was familiar to immigrant women, American education gave homemaking a new definition.

But in the dry grazing lands of the West, that familiar blue joint grass was often killed by drought.

The common kestrel hunts vertebrate animals in a small, familiar hunting ground, whereas the very similar lesser kestrel feeds on insects over a large area.

forbid

Totally without light and subjected to intense pressures hundreds of times greater than at the Earth’s surface, the deep-ocean bottom is a hostile environment to humans, in some ways as forbidding and remote as the void of outer space.

fortunate

Fortunately, scientific and technological advances have overcome most of these problems.

Scientists had been feverishly searching for an antibiotic toxic enough to kill the fungi but safe enough for human use, since, unfortunately, the new “wonder drugs” such as penicillin and streptomycin killed the very bacteria in the body that controlled the fungi.

frequent

One of the great truths revealed by the last few decades of planetary exploration is that collisions between bodies of all sizes are relatively commonplace, at least in geologic terms, and were even more frequent in the early solar system.

This land is an important part of the habitat and migratory routes for several endangered species that frequent the park.

Tradition is paramount, and change comes infrequently and slowly.

further

The range of the New York canal system was still further extended when the states of Ohio and Indiana, inspired by the success of the Erie Canal, provided water connections between Lake Erie and the Ohio River.

Desert-adapted mammals have the further ability to feed normally when extremely dehydrated: it is a common experience in people that appetite is lost even under conditions of moderate thirst.

Abrasion due to daily wear alters the surface feature of beads, and if they are buried for long, the effects of corrosion can further change their appearance.

generally

Customers generally secured the silver for the silver objects they ordered.

In colonial America, people generally covered their beds with decorative quilts resembling those of the lands from which the quilters had come.

By 1800 a complete internal iron skeleton for buildings had been developed in industrial architecture replacing traditional timber beams, but it generally remained concealed.

gradually

Gradually, economic reality overcame ideology. Thousands abandoned the precarious life on the farm for more secure and better paying jobs in the city.

Such studies have suggested that the rudiments of mathematics are mastered gradually, and with effort.

If at such a spreading contact the two plates support continents, a rift is formed that will gradually widen and become flooded by the sea.

hunger

With appropriate banking of the extra food, the Mandans protected themselves against the disaster of crop failure and accompanying hunger.

include

But times are changing: a new generation of foresters seems better prepared to include in their management plans consideration of the vital ecological role alders play.

Other chemical changes to soil in which they are growing include a lowering of the base content and rise in soil acidity, as well as a substantial addition of carbon and calcium to the soil.

These events typically included horse races, wrestling matches, and foot races, as well as some nonathletic events such as whistling competitions.

instruction

In addition to securing an exhibition space in the Library Society building in lower Manhattan, the society founded a small school for the instruction of watercolor painting Periodic exhibitions of the members’ paintings also included works by noted English artists of the day, borrowed from embryonic private collections in the city.

journey

Resuming their journey in the spring of 1805, the men worked their way along the Missouri to its source and then crossed the mountains of western Montana and Idaho.

When Jules Verne wrote Journey to the Center of the Earth in 1864, there were many conflicting theories about the nature of the Earth’s interior.

majority

Neither the harshness of existence on the new continent nor the scattered population nor the disapproval of the clergy discouraged the majority from the pursuit of pleasure.

The vast majority of women worked within their homes, where their labor produced most articles needed for the family.

They maintain the quality of the atmosphere, provide food from the sea, manufacture and replenish soils, recycle wastes and nutrients, control the overwhelming majority of crop pests and disease vectors, and so on. People have no idea how to take over these activities satisfactorily.

length

When two plates carrying continents collide, the continental blocks, too light to be drawn down, continue to float and therefore buckle to form a mountain chain along the length of the margin of the plates.

Located inside Rainier’s two ice-filled summit craters, these caves form a labyrinth of tunnels and vaulted chambers about one and one-half miles in total length.

The wire to make the barbs is fed into the machine from the sides and cut to length by knives that cut diagonally through the wire to produce a sharp point.

however

The dream of building an x-ray microscope dates to 1895; its development, however, was virtually halted in the 1940’s because the development of the electron microscope was progressing rapidly.

In recent years, however, interest in x-ray microscopes has revived, largely because of advances such as the development of new sources of x-ray illumination.

Importance

The rapid destruction of the tropical rain forests, which are the ecosystems with the highest known species diversity on Earth, has awakened people to the importance and fragility of biological diversity.

This last figure shows the importance of the ocean as the principal reservoir of the hydrosphere but also the rapidity of water transport on the continents.

Next, the pertinent considerations that will be affected by each decision are listed, and the relative importance of each consideration or consequence is determined.

Interrupt

Nevertheless, it has been said that today children interrupt their education to go to school.

fit

The corners are cut out at the foot of the cover so that the quilt fit snugly around the tall four-poster beds of the 1700’s, which differed from those of today in that they were shorter and wider: they were short because people slept in a semi-sitting position with many bolsters or pillows, and wide because each bed often slept three or more.

The notion that an artist could or would dash off an idea in a fit of spontaneous inspiration was completely alien to these deliberately produced works.

farther

Unfortunately, the more industrialized we become the farther away we move from direct contact with plants, and the less distinct our knowledge of botany grows.

Now another type of microscope, one that utilizes x-rays rather than light or electrons, offers a different way of examining tiny details; it should extend human perception still farther into the natural world.

difficulty

To help meet this difficulty, film distributing companies started the practice of publishing suggestions for musical accompaniments.

The advantage of nesting on cliffs is the immunity it gives from foxes, which cannot scale the sheer rocks, and from ravens and other species of gulls, which have difficulty in landing on narrow ledges to steal eggs.

disturb

When disturbed, a sea anemone retracts its tentacles and shortens its body so that it resembles a lump on a rock. Anemones may reproduce by forming eggs, dividing in half, or developing buds that grow and break off as independent animals.

especially

Certain films had music especially composed for them. The most famous of these early special scores was that composed and arranged for D. W. Griffith’s film Birth of a Nation, which was released in 1915.

All living creature, especially human beings, have their peculiarities, but everything about the little sea cucumber seems unusual.

In the middle class especially, men participated in the productive economy while women ruled the home and served as the custodians of civility and culture.

mental

Two reasons are usually advanced to account for this tardy development, namely, the mental difficulties and the physical difficulties encountered in such work.

merchant

Neither the farmers of the west nor the merchants of the east were completely satisfied with this pattern of trade.

metal

Unlike metals that flow or “freeze” at specific temperatures, glass progressively softens as the temperature rises, going through varying stages of malleability until it flows like a thick syrup.

method

They divided the work. Hazen methodically screened and cultured scores of soil samples, which she then sent to her partner, who prepared extracts, isolated and purified active agents, and shipped them back to New York, where Hazen could study their biological properties.

mine

The mineral particles found in soil range in size from microscopic clay particles to large boulders.

mirror

Perhaps the most obvious way artistic creations reflect how people live is by mirroring the environment—the materials and technologies available to a culture.

more or less

These were the tools used more or less by all people who worked with wood: carpenters, barrel makers, and shipwrights.

no more

However, the amount of helium that could have been produced in this manner can be calculated, and it turns out to be no more than a few percent.

not… any more

Science is built with facts just as a house is built with bricks, but a collection of facts cannot be called science any more than a pile of bricks can be called a house.

once more

It appeared that Canada was once more falling in step with the trend toward smaller families that had occurred all through the Western world since the time of the Industrial Revolution.

motor

Although recent years have been reductions in pollutant from individual motor vehicles, the number of such vehicles has been increasing.

mountainous

Small tribes such as the Shoshone and Ute wandered the dry and mountainous lands between the Rocky Mountains and the Pacific Ocean.

nail

Some nails—forged by hand—were used, but no screws or glue.

He nailed the servant’s shoes to the floor on Monday, then laughed, because he put his feet in them and fell down.

narrow

A decision-making worksheet begins with a succinct statement of the problem that will also help to narrow it.

native

Its goals were the facilitation of western settlement and the development of native industries.

Crows are probably the most frequently met and easily identifiable members of the native fauna of the United States.

neat

When he used an icebox of his own design to transport his butter to market, he found that customers would pass up the rapidly melting stuff in the tubs of his competitors to pay a premium price for his butter, still fresh and hard in neat, one-pound bricks.

nervous

The nervous system of vertebrates is characterized by a hollow, dorsal nerve cord that ends in the head region as an enlargement, the brain.

net

Air currents move and lift droplets so that the net downward displacement is zero, even though the droplets are in constant motion.

normal

The color sensitivity of normal human vision is rarely surpassed even by sophisticated technical devices.

occur

This may occur in areas of high rainfall or in coastal regions where rivers flow into the ocean.

offer

Even scratches found on fossil human teeth offer clues.

oil

The refining of crude oil into kerosene, and later the development of electric lighting as well as of the telephone, brought additional comforts to urban areas that were unavailable to rural Americans and helped attract many of them from the farms into the cities.

operate

Only rarely do these competing forces of heat and cold operate in perfect balance to create a phenomenon such as the steam caves at Mount Rainier National Park.

Water and sewerage systems were usually operated by municipal governments, but the gas and electric networks were privately owned.

opinion

Committee membership rotates every year, so that new voices and opinions are constantly heard.

opposite

Scratches made with a left-to-right stroke direction (by right-handers) are more common than scratches in the opposite direction (made by left-handers).

ordinary

Snow accumulating yearly in Rainier’s summit craters is compacted and compressed into a dense form of ice called firm, a substance midway between ordinary ice and the denser crystalline ice that makes up glaciers.

organize

Most of the material universe is organized into galaxies of stars, together with gas and dust.

outdoors

Cattle left outdoors to fend for themselves thrived on this hay.

own

It is known that a cat or a dog reacts to its own image in a mirror, but often it treats it as that of another individual whose behavior very soon becomes puzzling and boring.

owner

Rent control is the system whereby the local government tells building owners how much they can charge their tenants in rent.

Proponents of these reforms argued that public ownership and regulation would insure widespread access to these utilities and guarantee a fair price.

pack

They lived right on the frozen seas in shelters called igloos built of blocks of packed snow.

pair

The female kittiwake sits when mating, whereas other gulls stand, so the pair will not overbalance and fall off the ledge.

pale

The pale, smooth desert plain provides a perfect backdrop for spotting meteorites, which are usually dark brown of black.

particular

The geology of the Earth’s surface is dominated by the particular properties of water.

partly

Partly this decline reflected the low level of births during the depression and the war, but it was also caused by changes in Canadian society.

passenger

At that point the trains turned their freight, mail, and passengers over to steamboats, wagons, and stagecoaches.

pattern

This record has already provided insights into the patterns and causes of past climatic change---information that may be used to predict future climates.

percent

The baby boom continued through the decade of the 1950’s, producing a population increase of nearly fifteen percent in the five years from 1951 to 1956.

perfect

The piano was perfected in the early eighteenth century by a harpsichord maker in Italy (though musicologists point out several previous instances of the instrument).

On this perfect surface, the artist would sketch a composition with chalk, refine it with inks, and then begin the deliberate process of applying thin layers of egg tempera paint (egg yolk in which pigments are suspended) with small brushes.

perform

During the 1940’s, electron microscopes routinely achieved resolution better than that possible with a visible-light microscope, while the performance of x-ray microscopes resisted improvement.

The Puritans, the religious sect that dominated the early British colonies in North America, regarded idleness as a sin, and believed that life in an underdevelopment country made it absolutely necessary that each member of the community perform an economic function.

permit

This cohesive strength permits columns of water to be pulled to great heights without being broken.

personal

At interpersonal levels, the tone may reflect ideas and feelings over and above the words chosen, or may belie them.

pile

Science is built with facts just as a house is built with bricks, but a collection of facts cannot be called science any more than a pile of bricks can be called a house.

For example, one pet crow learned how to let a dog out of its kennel by pulling the pin on the door.

take the place of

White paint began to take the place of blues, yellows, greens and lead colors, which had been popular for walls in the earlier years.

plastic

The plates are supported by a weak, plastic layer of the lower mantle called the asthenosphere.

platform

From this stable platform, scientists lowered drilling pipes into waters four miles deep to scoop up cores of ocean sediment and bedrock.

pleasant

A person conveys thoughts and ideas through choice of words, by a tone of voice that is pleasant or unpleasant, gentle or harsh, by the rhythm that is inherent within the language itself, and by speech rhythms that are flowing and regular or uneven and hesitant, and finally, by the pitch and melody of the utterance.

pollution

Air pollution requires a very flexible definition that permits continuous change.

popular

The acute, growing public awareness of the social changes that had been taking place for some time was tied to tremendous growth in popular journalism in the late nineteenth century, including growth in quantity and circulation of both magazines and newspapers.

port

This meant that a population the size of Boston was arriving every years, and most of it flowed into the port cities in the Northeast.

position

A graduate might seek a position that offers specialized training, pursue an advanced degree, or travel abroad for a year.

possession

The possession of hard parts, either internal or external, such as bones, teeth, scales, shells, and wood; these parts remain after the rest of the organism has decayed.

possible

Between 1882 and 1886 alone, the price of daily newspapers dropped from four cents a copy to one cent, made possible in part by a great increase in demand.

pour

The ashes were placed in a barrel with holes in the bottom, and water was poured over them.

powder

The perishable commodities of trade generally came under state inspection, and such important frontier staples as lumber and gunpowder were also subject to state control.

powerful

The eighteenth century was not one in which powerful sculptural conceptions were developed.

practical

The first practical machine for producing barbed wire was invented in 1874 by an Illinois farmer, and between then and the end of the century about 400 types of barbed wire were devised, of which only about a dozen were ever put to practical use.

precious

In winter especially, it is important for birds to keep warm at night and conserve precious food reserves.

prefer

In 15 or 30 seconds, a speaker cannot establish the historical context that shaped the issue in question, cannot detail the probable causes of the problem, and cannot examine alternative proposals to argue that one is preferable to others. In snippets, politicians assert but do not argue.

present

Its major public exposure came in 1853, when the society presented works by its members in the “Industry of All Nations” section of the Crystal Palace Exposition in New York.

prevent

The commonsense notion that the best icebox was one that prevented the ice from melting was of course mistaken, for it was the melting of the ice that performed the cooling.

produce

These enzymes are often produced by bacteria and fungi.

The self-educated son of a Delaware farmer, Evans early became obsessed by the possibilities of mechanized production and steam power.

progress

The dream of building an x-ray microscope dates to 1895; its development, however, was virtually halted in the 1940’s because the development of the electron microscope was progressing rapidly.

promise

These new urbanites, already convinced that cities were overwhelmed with great problems, eagerly embraced the progressive reforms that promised to bring order out of the chaos of the city.

protect

Similarly, these boxes should be protected from direct sunlight to avoid high temperatures that are also fatal to the growing embryo.

prove

It quickly proved a financial success as well.

provide

pull

The Earth’s gravity pulls it.

pump

But plants can move water much higher: the sequoia tree can pump water to its very top, more than 100 meters above the ground.

push

Other explanations for the movement of water in plants have been based on root pressure, a push on the water from the roots at the bottom of the plant.

quarter

“In a quarter of a century, ”claimed the Omaha Daily Republican in 1883, “they have made the people of the United States homogeneous, breaking through Line the peculiarities and provincialisms which marked separate and unmingling sections.

raise

The bustle and social interaction of urban life seemed particularly intriguing to those raised in rural isolation.

rather*

In the highly industrialized early-twentieth-century United States, however, overproduction rather than scarcity was becoming a problem.

Thus, the ideal American homemaker was viewed as a consumer rather than a producer.

From then on, humans would increasingly take their living from the controlled production of a few plants, rather than getting a little here and a little there from many varieties that grew wild.

There is relatively little division of labor into specialized duties. Rather, each person is expected to perform a great variety of tasks, though duties may differ between the sexes.

Because of the wavelength of the x-rays used, soft x-ray microscopes will never match the highest resolution possible with electron microscopes. Rather, their special properties will make possible investigations that will complement those performed with light-and electron-based instruments.

recognize

If an animal were able to recognize its reflection in a mirror as “self,” then it could be said to possess an awareness of self, or consciousness.

recover

Over 1,000 fragments from 150 meteorites that fell during the last 20,000 years have been recovered.

refer

One of the results of the conflict between the two factions was that what in previous years had been referred to as the “American,” “Native,” or, occasionally, “New York” school—the most representative school of American art in any genre—had by 1890 become firmly established in the minds of critics and public alike as the Hudson River school.

regard

regular

So there is real cause for concern if consumers, particularly those with limited incomes, distrust the regular food supply and buy only expensive organic foods instead.

remain

The Great Salt Lake is all that remains of the latter, and Pyramid Lake is one of the last briny remnants of the former.

remove

Once the right insect has been attracted, some orchids present all sorts of one-way obstacle courses to make sure it does not leave until pollen has been accurately placed or removed.

request

Silversmiths complied with these requests by melting the money in a small furnace, adding a bit of copper to form a stronger alloy, and casting the alloy in rectangular blocks.

roll

In 1979 Santa Monica’s municipal government ordered landlords to roll back their rents to the levels charged in 1978.

rough

Although the birth rate continued to decline from its high level of the eighteenth and early nineteenth century, the population roughly doubled every generation during the rest of the nineteenth centuries.

ruin

And today, a global civilization is ruining the global environment.

scold

Because I, at twenty-two, knew next to nothing of his work, and he didn’t scold me; he just gave me a stack of his books.

score

Hazen methodically screened scores of soil samples, which she then sent to her partner, who prepared extracts, isolated and purified active agents, and shipped them back to New York, where Hazen could study their biological properties.

If observations do not confirm the predictions, the scientists must search further.

seek

The tight arrangement enabled the Mandans to protect themselves more easily from the attacks of others who might seek to obtain some of the food these highly capable farmers stored from one years to the next.

seldom

Since the conductor seldom saw the films until the night before they were to be shown (if, indeed, the conductor was lucky enough to see them then), the musical arrangement was normally improvised in the greatest hurry.

separate

Many ancient beads that are of ethnographic interest have often been separated from their original cultural context.

serious

For the most part, the literature in which the railroad plays an important role belongs to popular culture rather than to the realm of serious art.

serve

Forts also served as bases where enterprising entrepreneurs could bring commerce to the West, providing supplies and refreshments to soldiers as well as to pioneers.

settle

This rate of increase had been exceeded only once before in Canada’s history, in the decade before 1911 then the prairies were being settled.

sharp

One impact of the new household technology was to draw sharp dividing lines between women of different classes and regions.

Shut

At any other time, the corona can be seen only when special instruments are used on cameras and telescopes to shut out the glare of the Sun’s rays.

silent

Accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before 1927 as “silent,” the film has never been, in the full sense of the word, silent.

sink

This heavy water sinks and is found in the deeper portions of the oceans of the world.

situation

Nature provides many situations in which the remains of animals and plants are protected against destruction.

solid

In the railroads’ prime years, between 1890 and 1920, there were a few individuals in the United States, most of them with solid railroading experience behind them, who made a profession of writing about railroading—works offering the ambience of stations, yards, and locomotive cabs.

sort

The Native Americans of northern California were highly skilled at basketry, using the reeds, grasses, barks, and roots they found around them to fashion articles of all sorts and sizes—not only trays, containers, and cooking pots, but hats, boats, fish traps, baby carriers, and ceremonial objects.

stage

Unlike metals that flow or “freeze” at specific temperatures, glass progressively softens as the temperature rises, going through varying stages of malleability until it flows like a thick syrup.

starve

If it were not for this faculty, they would devour all the food available in a short time and would probably starve themselves out of existence.

state

The prosperity of the Erie encouraged the state to enlarge its canal system by building several branches.

suffer

The Douglas fir suffers a marked decrease in growth, often dying within seven years.

suppose

Lewis and Clark brought back much new information, including the knowledge that the continent was wider than originally supposed.

tear

When this supercontinent started to tear apart because of plate movement, Pangaea first broke into two large continental masses.

thread

Stinging cells in the tentacles throw out tiny poison threads that paralyze other small sea animals.

tight

Growing tightly packed together and collectively weaving a dense canopy of branches, a stand of red alder trees can totally dominate a site to the exclusion of almost everything else.

uniform

The way that seismic waves travel shows that the Earth’s interior is far from uniform.

vacation

Kindergartens, vacation schools, extracurricular activities, and vocational education and counseling extended the influence of public schools over the lives of students.

valuable

These researchers have sought to demonstrate that their work can be a valuable tool not only of science but also of history, providing fresh insights into the daily lives of ordinary people whose existences might not otherwise be so well documented.

variety

Objects in the universe show a variety of shapes: round planets (some with rings), tailed comets, wispy cosmic gas and dust clouds, ringed nebulae, pinwheel-shaped spiral galaxies, and so on.

第二部分高中英语句型结构

1.平行结构：

1) Those under 13 are limited to 40 days in the year; those over 13 do 80 days.

2.With：

2) More worthy of the name “stage school” are those few places where children attend full time, with a training for the theatre and a general education.

3) At the opening of the century, with the exception of a crude plow, farmers could have carried practically all of the existing agricultural implements on their backs

4) A draft plan has been prepared, with the objective of maintaining traditional economic uses but limiting new development that would damage park resources.

5) Ordinary light, from the Sun or a light bulb, is emitted spontaneously, when atoms or molecules get rid of excess energy by themselves, without Line any outside intervention.

3.地点状语丛句

6) When he was about 20 years old, O. Henry went to Texas, where he tried different jobs.

7) Nearby is the Indianapolis races course, where the nation’s most famous car race is held each year on May 30th.

8) In four days it destroyed more than three-quarters of the old city, where most of the houses were wooden and close together.

9) Most people entering historical archaeology during this period came out of university anthropology departments, where they had studied prehistoric cultures.

4.时间状语丛句：

10) Tom Brennan was working in a Philadelphia office building when he noticed a black bag.

5.what宾语丛句：

11) But that’s exactly what motor engineers are doing in Germany and some other countries.

12) The quality of preservation is outstanding, but what is even more impressive is the number of ichthyosaur fossils containing preserved embryos.

13) After toiling up the Missouri all summer, the group wintered near the Mandan villages in the center of what is now North Dakota.

14) Most scientists start an investigation by finding out what other scientists have learned about a particular problem.

6.which丛句：

15) Mary gave up her social position and all thought of a husband and a family, which in those times was unthinkable for a young lady.

16) Also in the centre there are many buildings made of the famous Indiana stone, which makes them white in color.

17) Santa Fe, the capital of New Mexico, USA, is in the central part of the state, on the Santa Fe River, which flows into the Rio Grande 35 kilometers west of the city.

18) Besides hunting and skating in the mountains people enjoy shopping in the Indian and Spanish shops, which brings a large income to the city every year.

19) The summit was to mark the 25th anniversary of President Nixon’s journey to China, which was the turning point in China-US relations.

20) However, Indianapolis is a city through which many railways, roads, buses and planes pass.

21) The graying of America has made us a very different society—one in which people have a quite different idea of what kind of behavior is suitable at various ages.

22) There’s no longer a particular year in which one goes to school or goes to work or gets married for starts a family.

7.if丛句

23) It seemed as if it were laughing after every good move.

24) When you want to see if a library has the book you want, you can use the catalogue in the library.

25) Most animals have little connection with animals of a different kind, unless they hunt them for food.

8.多重丛句

26) Prozorov’s disappointment was shared by several grand masters who were present, some of whom were so upset that shouted at the machine.

27) I had just gone to bed after a very hard day when the phone rang.

28) This frightens away non-experts, who are happier going to Computertowns where there are computers for them to experience on with experts to encourage them and answer any questions they have.

9.补语：

29) All men are born truthful and die liars.

10.被动时态

30) A well-known old man was being interviewed.

31) It is one of the largest cities in the world that cannot be reached by water.

32) To reduce pain, take two tablets with water, followed by on tablet every eight hours, as required.

33) Weekly film and concert schedules, which are being arranged, will be posted each Wednesday outside of the student club.

11.比较

34) It is possible to make metal as hard or as soft as is wished, by annealing it.

35) The longer the heated metal takes to cool slowly, the softer it becomes.

12.不定式表示目的

36) To get the heat , water is pumped down into the rocks and back up to the surface.

37) Frank Simthon woke up and leaned over to turn off the alarm clock.

38) He always had an interest in word games and so, to fill his time, he planned a game which he called “Lexico”.

13.除了

39) Apples, which are about 85 percent water, grow almost everywhere in the world but the hottest and coldest areas.

40) I wouldn’t let anyone but a doctor touch her.

14.解释：

41) Annealing is a way of making metal softer by heating it and then letting it cool very slowly.

15.动名词

42) Playing at drawing or painting on dishes was all right for a young lady.

43) Car-maker’s research and development laboratories have already proved that mixing in more noise with the help of loudspeaker can reduce the unwanted noise.

44) Mum just pushed harder, each swipe of the mop taking her farther and farther down the hall.

16.形式主语:

45) It was seeing people with snake bites that led me to this career.

17.for：

46)And for those who don’t have time to take a course, there are books that tell you now you can do things yourself.

18.举例（for example）：

47) Annealing can also be used on other materials, such as glass.

19.固定用法：

48) I hope very much to have the honour of interviewing you on our hundredth birthday.

49) I would rather see you dead.

50) The young women was so moved by the act of the animal that she returned to he husband’s home.

20.虚拟语气：

51) Without the message, I would not have found you on the buoy.

第三部分高中英语主要虚词

Ⅰ转折

Metal that has been annealed(煅烧) is soft but does not break as easily.

He did not go to school for very long, but he managed to teach himself everything he needed to know.

He wanted to make some money from his new game but he didn’t have any real commercial success.

People wearing safety belts are usually protected to the point of having a clear head to free themselves from such dangerous situations, not to be trapped in them.

By the mid-nineteenth century, the term “icebox” had entered the American language, but ice was still only beginning to affect the diet of ordinary citizens in the United States.

The carpenter’s shop probably provided the frame and perhaps supplied the panel, and yet another shop supplied the gold.

Ⅱ让步

Dan’s brother John offered to go instead though he did not know anything about sailing.

Although it is believed that things are getting worse, lying seems to be an age-old human problem.

Renewable energy sources are used even though they are often expensive to develop.

People liked his story, because simple as the tales were, they would finish with a sudden change at the end, to the reader’s surprise.

While most people use little white lies to make life easier, the majority of Americans care about honesty in both public and personal life.

Although their activities were only semilegal, they thrived, and actually advertised that between Boston and Philadelphia they were a half-day speedier than the government mail.

Although scientists can speculate about its nature, neither humans nor machines will ever be able to visit it.

Ⅲ不是……而是……

In the highly industrialized early-twentieth-century United States, however, overproduction rather than scarcity was becoming a problem.

Thus, the ideal American homemaker was viewed as a consumer rather than a producer.

From then on, humans would increasingly take their living from the controlled production of a few plants, rather than getting a little here and a little there from many varieties that grew wild.

There is relatively little division of labor into specialized duties. Rather, each person is expected to perform a great variety of tasks, though duties may differ between the sexes.

So there is real cause for concern if consumers distrust the regular food supply and buy only expensive organic foods instead.

Ⅳ递进

Thus work for women, married or single, was not only approved, it was regarded as a civic duty.

Thus, not only many hands, but also many shops were involved in the final product.

Variously known as buffalo grass, grama grass, or mesquite grass, not only were they immune to drought; but they were actually preserved by the lack of summer and autumn rains.

These newly discovered fossils have not only revealed the existence of previously unknown organisms, but have also pushed back these dates for the invasion of land by multicellular organisms.

In the longer run, too, American hotels made other national conventions not only possible but pleasant and convivial.

There are many theories about the beginning of drama in ancient Greece. The one

most widely accepted today is based on the assumption that drama evolved from ritual.

The argument for this view goes as follows. In the beginning, human beings viewed

the natural forces of the world, even the seasonal changes, as unpredictable, and they

(5) sought through various means, to control these unknown and feared powers. Those

measures which appeared to bring the desired results were then retained and repeated

until they hardened into fixed rituals. Eventually stories arose which explained or

veiled the mysteries of the rites. As time passed some rituals were abandoned, but

the stories, later called myths, persisted and provided material for art and drama.

(10) Those who believe that drama evolved out of ritual also argue that those rites

contained the seed of theater because music, dance, masks, and costumes were almost

always used. Furthermore, a suitable site had to be provided for performances, and

when the entire community did not participate, a clear division was usually made

between the “acting area” and the “auditorium.” In addition, there were performers,

(15) and since considerable importance was attached to avoiding mistakes in the enactment

of rites, religious leaders usually assumed that task. Wearing masks and costumes, they

often impersonated other people, animals, or supernatural beings, and mimed the desired

effect—success in hunt or battle, the coming rain, the revival of the Sun—as an actor

might. Eventually such dramatic representations were separated from religious

(20)activities.

Ⅴ总结

The agricultural revolution in the nineteenth century involved two things: the invention

of labor-saving machinery and the development of scientific agriculture. Labor-saving

machinery naturally appeared first where labor was scarce. “In Europe,” said Thomas

Jefferson, “the object is to make the most of their land, labor being abundant; here it is to

make the most of our labor, land being abundant. ” It was in the United States, therefore,

that the great advances in nineteenth-century agricultural machinery firs came.

The opposite of evaporation is precipitation, such as rain, by which water is added to

the ocean, Here the ocean is being diluted so that the salinity is decreased. This may

occur in areas of high rainfall or in coastal regions where rivers flow into the ocean. Thus

salinity may be increased by the subtraction of water by evaporation, or decreased by the

addition of fresh water by precipitation or runoff.

Ⅵ其他

Footprints thus provide us not merely with rare impressions of the soft tissue of early hominids, but also with evidence of upright walking that in many ways is clearer than can be obtained from the analysis of bones.

The main advantages of low-pressure engines were safe operation and economy of fuel consumption, neither of which meant much in the West.

Although scientists can speculate about its nature, neither humans nor machines will ever be able to visit it.

Neither the harshness of existence on the new continent nor the scattered population nor the disapproval of the clergy discouraged the majority from the pursuit of pleasure.

Descriptive statistics is a tool for describing or summarizing or reducing to comprehensible form the properties of an otherwise unwieldy mass of data.